We may earn an affiliate commission when you visit our partners.
Marco Domenico Santambrogio
This course is for anyone passionate in learning how a hardware component can be adapted at runtime to better respond to users/environment needs. This adaptation can be provided by the designers, or it can be an embedded characteristic of the system itself. These runtime adaptable systems will be implemented by using FPGA technologies.
Within this course we are going to provide a basic understanding on how the FPGAs are working and of the rationale behind the choice of them to implement a desired system.
Read more
This course is for anyone passionate in learning how a hardware component can be adapted at runtime to better respond to users/environment needs. This adaptation can be provided by the designers, or it can be an embedded characteristic of the system itself. These runtime adaptable systems will be implemented by using FPGA technologies.
Within this course we are going to provide a basic understanding on how the FPGAs are working and of the rationale behind the choice of them to implement a desired system.
Read more
This course is for anyone passionate in learning how a hardware component can be adapted at runtime to better respond to users/environment needs. This adaptation can be provided by the designers, or it can be an embedded characteristic of the system itself. These runtime adaptable systems will be implemented by using FPGA technologies.
Within this course we are going to provide a basic understanding on how the FPGAs are working and of the rationale behind the choice of them to implement a desired system.
This course aims to teach everyone the basics of FPGA-based reconfigurable computing systems. We cover the basics of how to decide whether or not to use an FPGA and, if this technology will be proven to be the right choice, how to program it.
This is an introductory course meant to guide you through the FPGA world to make you more conscious on the reasons why you may be willing to work with them and in trying to provide you the sense of the work you have to do to be able to gain the advantages you are looking for by using these technologies.
We rely on some extra readings to provide more information on the topic covered in this course.
Please NOTE that most of the time, these documents are provided through the IEEE Xplore Digital Library, which means that, to access them, you have to have a valid IEEE subscriptions, either does by yourself or through your university/company.
The course has no prerequisites and avoids all but the simplest mathematics and it presents technical topics by using analogizes to help also a student without a technical background to get at least a basic understanding on how an FPGA works.
One of the main objectives of this course is to try to democratize the understanding and the access to FPGAs technologies. FPGAs are a terrific example of a powerful technologies that can be used in different domains. Being able to bring this technologies to domain experts and showing them how they can improve their research because of FPGAs, can be seen as the ultimate objective of this course. Once a student completes this course, they will be ready to take more advanced FPGA courses.
Register for this course and see more details by visiting:
OpenCourser.com/course/6kwsxa/fpga
What's inside
Syllabus
A Bird's Eye View on Adaptive Computing Systems
Nowadays the complexity of computing systems is skyrocketing. Programmers have to deal with extremely powerful computing systems that take time and considerable skills to be instructed to perform at their best. It is clear that it is not feasible to rely on human intervention to tune a system: conditions change frequently, rapidly, and unpredictably. It would be desirable to have the system automatically adapt to the mutating environment. This module analyzes the stated problem, embraces a radically new approach, and it introduces how software and hardware systems ca ben adjusted during execution. By doing this, we are going to introduce the Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) technologies and how they can be (re)configured.
Read more
Syllabus
A Bird's Eye View on Adaptive Computing Systems
Nowadays the complexity of computing systems is skyrocketing. Programmers have to deal with extremely powerful computing systems that take time and considerable skills to be instructed to perform at their best. It is clear that it is not feasible to rely on human intervention to tune a system: conditions change frequently, rapidly, and unpredictably. It would be desirable to have the system automatically adapt to the mutating environment. This module analyzes the stated problem, embraces a radically new approach, and it introduces how software and hardware systems ca ben adjusted during execution. By doing this, we are going to introduce the Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) technologies and how they can be (re)configured.
Read more
An introduction to Reconfigurable Computing
Traditionally, computing was classified into General-Purpose Computing performed by a General-Purpose Processor (GPP) and Application-Specific Computing performed by an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). As a trade-off between the two extreme characteristics of GPP and ASIC, reconfigurable computing has combined the advantages of both. On one hand reconfigurable computing can have better performance with respect to a software implementation but paying this in terms of time to implement. On the other hand a reconfigurable device can be used to design a system without requiring the same design time and complexity compared to a full custom solution but being beaten in terms of performance. The main advantage of a reconfigurable system is its high flexibility, while its main disadvantage is the lack of a standard computing model. In this module we are presenting a first definition of reconfigurable computing, describing the rationale behind it and introducing how this field has been influenced by the introduction of the FPGAs.
Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs
From the mid-1980s, reconfigurable computing has become a popular field due to the FPGA technology progress. An FPGA is a semiconductor device containing programmable logic components and programmable interconnects but no instruction fetch at run time, that is, FPGAs do not have a program counter. In most FPGAs, the logic components can be programmed to duplicate the functionality of basic logic gates or functional Intellectual Properties (IPs). FPGAs also include memory elements composed of simple flip-flops or more complex blocks of memories. Hence, FPGA has made possible the dynamic execution and configuration of both hardware and software on a single chip. This module provides a detailed description of FPGA technologies starting from a general description down to the discussion on the low-level configuration details of these devices, to the bitstream composition and the description of the configuration registers.
Examples on how to configure an FPGA
FPGA design tools must provide a design environment based on digital design concepts and components (gates, flip-flops, MUXs, etc.). They must hide the complexities of placement, routing and bitstream generation from the user. This module is not going through these steps in details, an entire course will be needed just for this, but it is important at least to have an idea of what it is happening behind the scene to better understand the complexity of the processes carried out by the tools you are going to use. Within this context, this module guides you through a simple example, which is abstracting the complexity of the underlying FPGA, starting from the description of the circuit you may be willing to implement to the bitstream used to configure the FPGA.
An Introduction to Reconfigurations
Before continuing in this terrific journey in the reconfigurable computing area, it can be useful to define a common language. Obviously, some of these terms have been already used but it is now time to better understand them and to make some order before continuing with more advanced concepts. Furthermore, as we know, FPGA configuration capabilities allow a great flexibility in hardware design and, as a consequence, they make it possible to create a vast number of different reconfigurable systems. These can vary from systems composed of custom boards with FPGAs, often connected to a standard PC or workstation, to standalone systems including reconfigurable logic and General Purpose Processors, to System-on-Chip's, completely implemented within a single FPGA mounted on a board, with only few physical components for I/O interfacing. There are different models of reconfiguration, and a scheme to classify them is presented in this module. We can consider this module as a transitional/turning point module. We have been exposed to some terminology and concepts and we are now ready to move forward. To do this, we need to combine all the pieces of the puzzles together and to invest a bit at looking at the overall picture, and this is exactly what this module has been designed for.
Towards Partial Dynamic Reconfiguration and Complex FPGA-based systems
The reconfiguration capabilities of FPGAs give the designers extended flexibility in terms of hardware maintainability. FPGAs can change the hardware functionalities mapped on them by taking the application offline, downloading a new configuration on the FPGA (and possibly new software for the processor, if any) and rebooting the system. Reconfiguration in this case is a process independent of the execution of the application. A different approach is the one that considers reconfiguration of the FPGA as part of the application itself, giving it the capability of adapting the hardware configured on the chip resources according to the needs of a particular situation during the execution time. In this case we are referring to this reconfiguration as dynamic reconfiguration and the reconfiguration process is seen as part of the application execution, and not as a stage prior to it. This module illustrates a particular technique, which is extending the previous two, that has been viable for most recent FPGA devices, Partial Dynamic Reconfiguration. To fully understand what this technique is, the concepts of reconfigurable computing, static and dynamic reconfiguration, and the taxonomy of dynamic reconfiguration itself must be analyzed. In this way partial dynamic reconfiguration can be correctly placed in the set of system development techniques that it is possible to implement on a modern FPGA chip.
Design Flows
After presenting different solutions proposed to design and implement dynamic reconfigurable systems, this module will describe a general and complete design methodology that can be followed as a guideline for designing reconfigurable computing systems. To design and implement a reconfigurable computing system, designers need Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools for system design and implementation, such as a design analysis tool for architecture design, a synthesis tool for hardware construction, a simulator for hardware behavior simulation, and a placement and routing tool for circuit layout. We may build these tools ourselves or we can also use commercial tools and platforms for reconfigurable system design. The first choice implies a considerable investment in terms of both time and effort to build a specific and optimized solution for the given problem, while the second one allows the re-use of knowledge, cores, and software to reach a good solution to the same problem more rapidly. This module is guiding the students through an historical view on how CAD frameworks evolved through the years. This is done to show how fast the technology is evolving and the rationale behind the choice made to improve the users experience when working with an FPGA-based system. Not only commercial tools are described, but also the personal journey done by the course instructor and his research team, starting from his early days as a PhD up to the research challenges they are nowadays working on.
Closing remarks and future directions
We are working at the edge of the research in the area of reconfigurable computing. FPGA technologies are not used only as standalone solutions/platforms but are now included into cloud infrastructures. They are now used both to accelerate infrastructure/backend computations and exposed as-a-Service that can be used by anyone. Within this context we are facing the definition of new research opportunities and technologies improvements and the time cannot be better under this perspective. What it is needed now is new platform creation tools, monitoring and profiling infrastructure, better runtime management systems, static and dynamic workload partitioning, just to name a few possible areas of research. This module is concluding this course but posing interesting questions towards possible future research directions that may also point the students to other Coursera courses on FPGAs.
Good to know
Good to know
Know what's good ,
what to watch for , and
possible dealbreakers
Teaches reconfigurable hardware systems, which is relevant to FPGA technology in digital design
Taught by recognized instructors who have published research on FPGAs
Provides a comprehensive understanding of FPGAs, including their implementation and programming
Covers advanced topics such as runtime reconfiguration and system design flows
Offers hands-on examples and exercises to reinforce learning
May require purchase of extra readings, which can be an additional cost
Designed for beginners with no prerequisites, but some background in hardware design may be helpful
Aims to make FPGA technologies more accessible to non-technical students
Save this course
Save FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials to your list so you can find it easily later:
Save
Save
Reviews summary
Highly rated fpga introduction
Learners say the FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials course provides a solid introduction to FPGA computing systems. With its engaging assignments and excellent, clear explanations, it's a great fit for those who are looking to learn more about the field, even if they don't have a background in FPGA. However, students note that while the course offers good fundamentals, they may want to supplement their learning with additional resources for real-world examples and hands-on practice.
Engaging and help reinforce learning.
"Good knowledge gaining exercise on FPGA"
"Learned a lot about the background materials regarding FPGA, but the assignment quality should be more adaptive and challenging."
"Overall a great one."
Instructor is responsive and provides clear explanations.
"Perfect course for any one intersted in knowing more about FPGA internals and computing"
"This was a overall new experience, helped me to get a very clear and worthy insight"
"The Tutor is very kind and has a great ambitious."
Provides good foundational knowledge in FPGA computing systems, including concepts and terminology.
"Good introduction to reconfigurable computing with FPGAs."
"Concepts are clearly explained, and examples are illustrative and easy to follow."
"Very informative about the world of FPGAs"
Introduces concepts in an easy-to-understand way, great for those new to FPGA.
"Perfect introduction for an FPGA beginner"
"It goes from very basics and I have learned a lot about the reconfigue logic devices"
"Excellent course and materials. The explanations are very clear."
Limited coverage of real-world examples and hands-on practice.
"The real-world examples are confusing and unclear."
"If you are trying to find a course with real examples, an specific CAD software for FPGAs this is not your course."
Activities
Be better prepared
before
your course. Deepen your understanding
during
and
after
it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered
in FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials with these
activities:
Review Fundamentals of FPGA
Show steps
Refreshing your knowledge of the fundamentals of FPGAs will help you better understand the more advanced concepts covered in this course.
Browse courses on
Digital Logic
Show steps
-
Review the basics of digital logic gates and circuits.
-
Review the architecture of an FPGA.
-
Review the different types of FPGA programming languages.
Brush up on Math Fundamentals
Show steps
This course assumes some basic familiarity with mathematical concepts such as sets, functions, and logical reasoning. Reviewing these fundamentals before the course starts will help you succeed.
Browse courses on
Discrete Mathematics
Show steps
-
Review set theory concepts (e.g., unions, intersections, complements)
-
Practice solving combinatorial problems (e.g., counting permutations and combinations)
-
Sharpen your logical reasoning skills (e.g., using truth tables and Venn diagrams)
Follow Online Tutorials on FPGA Design
Show steps
There are many helpful online tutorials available that can teach you more about FPGA design.
Browse courses on
FPGA Design
Show steps
-
Find a reputable online tutorial on FPGA design.
-
Follow the tutorial step-by-step.
-
Complete the exercises and projects that are included in the tutorial.
Two other activities
Expand to see all activities and additional details
Show all five activities
Design and Implement a Simple FPGA Circuit
Show steps
Completing this activity will reinforce the concepts you learn in the course about designing and implementing FPGA circuits.
Browse courses on
FPGA Design
Show steps
-
Design a simple FPGA circuit using a hardware description language (HDL).
-
Implement your design on an FPGA board.
-
Test your circuit to verify its functionality.
Write a Blog Post About an FPGA Project
Show steps
Writing a blog post about an FPGA project will help you to solidify your understanding of the concepts involved and to share your knowledge with others.
Browse courses on
Technical Writing
Show steps
-
Choose an FPGA project that you have completed.
-
Write a blog post that describes the project, the challenges you faced, and the results you achieved.
-
Publish your blog post online.
Review Fundamentals of FPGA
Show steps
Refreshing your knowledge of the fundamentals of FPGAs will help you better understand the more advanced concepts covered in this course.
Browse courses on
Digital Logic
Show steps
Show steps
Show steps
- Review the basics of digital logic gates and circuits.
- Review the architecture of an FPGA.
- Review the different types of FPGA programming languages.
Brush up on Math Fundamentals
Show steps
This course assumes some basic familiarity with mathematical concepts such as sets, functions, and logical reasoning. Reviewing these fundamentals before the course starts will help you succeed.
Browse courses on
Discrete Mathematics
Show steps
Show steps
Show steps
- Review set theory concepts (e.g., unions, intersections, complements)
- Practice solving combinatorial problems (e.g., counting permutations and combinations)
- Sharpen your logical reasoning skills (e.g., using truth tables and Venn diagrams)
Follow Online Tutorials on FPGA Design
Show steps
There are many helpful online tutorials available that can teach you more about FPGA design.
Browse courses on
FPGA Design
Show steps
Show steps
Show steps
- Find a reputable online tutorial on FPGA design.
- Follow the tutorial step-by-step.
- Complete the exercises and projects that are included in the tutorial.
Two other activities
Expand to see all activities and additional details
Show all five activities
Design and Implement a Simple FPGA Circuit
Show steps
Completing this activity will reinforce the concepts you learn in the course about designing and implementing FPGA circuits.
Browse courses on
FPGA Design
Show steps
Show steps
Show steps
- Design a simple FPGA circuit using a hardware description language (HDL).
- Implement your design on an FPGA board.
- Test your circuit to verify its functionality.
Write a Blog Post About an FPGA Project
Show steps
Writing a blog post about an FPGA project will help you to solidify your understanding of the concepts involved and to share your knowledge with others.
Browse courses on
Technical Writing
Show steps
Show steps
Show steps
- Choose an FPGA project that you have completed.
- Write a blog post that describes the project, the challenges you faced, and the results you achieved.
- Publish your blog post online.
Career center
Learners who complete FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials will develop knowledge and skills
that may be useful to these careers:
FPGA Engineer
FPGA Engineer
An FPGA Engineer designs and develops FPGA-based systems, including hardware and software components. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies and their applications, covering topics such as FPGA architecture, programming, and design flows. By understanding the concepts and techniques taught in this course, you'll gain the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed as an FPGA Engineer.
Hardware Design Engineer
Hardware Design Engineer
A Hardware Design Engineer designs and develops hardware systems, including electronic circuits and devices. This course offers a comprehensive overview of FPGA technologies, providing a strong foundation for understanding the principles of hardware design. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities as a Hardware Design Engineer.
Embedded Systems Engineer
Embedded Systems Engineer
An Embedded Systems Engineer designs and develops embedded systems, integrating hardware and software components. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, which are commonly used in embedded systems for their reconfigurability and performance advantages. By gaining a thorough understanding of FPGAs, you'll enhance your abilities to design and develop embedded systems effectively.
Computer Architect
Computer Architect
A Computer Architect designs and develops computer systems, including hardware and software architectures. This course offers a comprehensive overview of FPGA technologies, providing a solid foundation for understanding the principles of computer architecture. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities as a Computer Architect.
Systems Engineer
Systems Engineer
A Systems Engineer designs and develops complex systems, integrating various components and technologies. This course provides a comprehensive overview of FPGA technologies, offering a solid foundation for understanding the principles of systems engineering. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop complex systems effectively.
Research Scientist
Research Scientist
A Research Scientist conducts research and development in various scientific and engineering fields. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to conduct research and development in areas related to FPGA technologies.
Software Engineer
Software Engineer
A Software Engineer designs, develops, and maintains software systems. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop software systems that leverage FPGA technologies.
Electrical Engineer
Electrical Engineer
An Electrical Engineer designs and develops electrical systems and components. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop electrical systems that leverage FPGA technologies.
Computer Science Professor
Computer Science Professor
A Computer Science Professor teaches and conducts research in computer science and related fields. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to teach and conduct research in areas related to FPGA technologies.
Hardware Architect
Hardware Architect
A Hardware Architect designs and develops hardware architectures for various systems and devices. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop hardware architectures that leverage FPGA technologies.
Embedded Software Engineer
Embedded Software Engineer
An Embedded Software Engineer designs and develops software for embedded systems. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop embedded software that leverages FPGA technologies.
Product Manager
Product Manager
A Product Manager manages the development and marketing of products. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to manage the development and marketing of products that leverage FPGA technologies.
Technical Writer
Technical Writer
A Technical Writer creates and maintains technical documentation, such as user manuals and white papers. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to create and maintain technical documentation related to FPGA technologies.
Sales Engineer
Sales Engineer
A Sales Engineer provides technical support to customers and helps them select and implement products and services. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to provide technical support and help customers select and implement FPGA-based products and services.
FPGA Developer
FPGA Developer
An FPGA Developer designs and develops FPGA-based systems, including hardware and software components. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop FPGA-based systems.
For more career information including salaries, visit:
OpenCourser.com/course/6kwsxa/fpga
Reading list
We've selected ten books
that we think will supplement your
learning. Use these to
develop background knowledge, enrich your coursework, and gain a
deeper understanding of the topics covered in
FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials.
Offers a hands-on approach to FPGA-based system design using Verilog HDL, complementing the course's theoretical foundations.
Save
Offers a comprehensive overview of the field of reconfigurable computing, providing a broader context for the course's focus on FPGAs.
For readers looking for in-depth theoretical background on reconfigurable computing, this book great starting point. It complements the course's focus on practical applications.
Provides a comprehensive overview of digital systems design using VHDL, complementing the course's focus on Verilog.
This classic textbook provides a comprehensive overview of computer organization and design, providing foundational knowledge for understanding FPGAs.
This classic textbook provides a comprehensive overview of digital design and computer architecture, providing foundational knowledge for understanding FPGAs.
Explores the application of FPGAs in digital signal processing, providing insights into specialized FPGA applications.
Valuable reference for readers who want to learn more about the Verilog programming language, which is commonly used in FPGA design.
Save
For readers seeking more advanced FPGA knowledge, this book delves into advanced FPGA design techniques, complementing the course's introductory level.
Offers a deeper dive into modern processor design, providing insights into the challenges and techniques involved in FPGA-based system design.
For more information about how these books relate to this course, visit:
OpenCourser.com/course/6kwsxa/fpga
Share
Similar courses
Here are nine courses similar to
FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials.
Getting Started with FPGA Programming with VHDL
OpenCourser.com/course/v7ygpu/getting
Getting Started with FPGA Programming with VHDL
Most relevant
FPGA Development in VHDL: Beyond the Basics
OpenCourser.com/course/pw6ioe/fpga
FPGA Development in VHDL: Beyond the Basics
Most relevant
Introduction to FPGA Design for Embedded Systems
OpenCourser.com/course/n9rb0s/introduction
Introduction to FPGA Design for Embedded Systems
Most relevant
FPGA Architecture Based System for Industrial Application
OpenCourser.com/course/258guw/fpga
FPGA Architecture Based System for Industrial Application
Most relevant
Developing FPGA-accelerated cloud applications with SDAccel: Theory
OpenCourser.com/course/i9t3hp/developing
Developing FPGA-accelerated cloud applications with...
FPGA Design and VHDL
OpenCourser.com/course/w4uhcc/fpga
FPGA Design and VHDL
FPGA computing systems: Partial Dynamic Reconfiguration
OpenCourser.com/course/8iibis/fpga
FPGA computing systems: Partial Dynamic Reconfiguration
Developing FPGA-accelerated cloud applications with SDAccel: Practice
OpenCourser.com/course/za6o5z/developing
Developing FPGA-accelerated cloud applications with...
FPGA computing systems: A Bird’s Eye View
OpenCourser.com/course/hxwjnz/fpga
FPGA computing systems: A Bird’s Eye View
Effort
4-10 hours/week
Level
Introductory
Via
Coursera
Institution
Politecnico di Milano
Instructor
Marco Domenico Santambrogio
Language
English
Transcripts
Español
Français
Português
Deutsch
Italiano
中文
العربية
한국어
日本語
हिंदी
Nederlands
Svenska
Pусский
Türkçe
Polski
Ελληνικά
українська мова
Bahasa Indonesia
ไทย
қазақша
Good to know
Teaches reconfigurable hardware systems, which is relevant to FPGA technology in digital design
Taught by recognized instructors who have published research on FPGAs
Provides a comprehensive understanding of FPGAs, including their implementation and programming
Covers advanced topics such as runtime reconfiguration and system design flows
Offers hands-on examples and exercises to reinforce learning
May require purchase of extra readings, which can be an additional cost
Designed for beginners with no prerequisites, but some background in hardware design may be helpful
Aims to make FPGA technologies more accessible to non-technical students
Our mission
OpenCourser helps millions of learners each year. People visit us to learn workspace skills, ace their exams, and nurture their curiosity.
Our extensive catalog contains over 50,000 courses and twice as many books. Browse by search, by topic, or even by career interests. We'll match you to the right resources quickly.
Find this site helpful? Tell a friend about us.
Affiliate disclosure
We're supported by our community of learners. When you purchase or subscribe to courses and programs or purchase books, we may earn a commission from our partners.
Your purchases help us maintain our catalog and keep our servers humming without ads.
Thank you for supporting OpenCourser.
© 2016 - 2024 OpenCourser