FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials from Coursera

What's inside

Syllabus

A Bird's Eye View on Adaptive Computing Systems

Nowadays the complexity of computing systems is skyrocketing. Programmers have to deal with extremely powerful computing systems that take time and considerable skills to be instructed to perform at their best. It is clear that it is not feasible to rely on human intervention to tune a system: conditions change frequently, rapidly, and unpredictably. It would be desirable to have the system automatically adapt to the mutating environment. This module analyzes the stated problem, embraces a radically new approach, and it introduces how software and hardware systems ca ben adjusted during execution. By doing this, we are going to introduce the Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) technologies and how they can be (re)configured.

An introduction to Reconfigurable Computing

Traditionally, computing was classified into General-Purpose Computing performed by a General-Purpose Processor (GPP) and Application-Specific Computing performed by an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). As a trade-off between the two extreme characteristics of GPP and ASIC, reconfigurable computing has combined the advantages of both. On one hand reconfigurable computing can have better performance with respect to a software implementation but paying this in terms of time to implement. On the other hand a reconfigurable device can be used to design a system without requiring the same design time and complexity compared to a full custom solution but being beaten in terms of performance. The main advantage of a reconfigurable system is its high flexibility, while its main disadvantage is the lack of a standard computing model. In this module we are presenting a first definition of reconfigurable computing, describing the rationale behind it and introducing how this field has been influenced by the introduction of the FPGAs.

Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs

From the mid-1980s, reconfigurable computing has become a popular field due to the FPGA technology progress. An FPGA is a semiconductor device containing programmable logic components and programmable interconnects but no instruction fetch at run time, that is, FPGAs do not have a program counter. In most FPGAs, the logic components can be programmed to duplicate the functionality of basic logic gates or functional Intellectual Properties (IPs). FPGAs also include memory elements composed of simple flip-flops or more complex blocks of memories. Hence, FPGA has made possible the dynamic execution and configuration of both hardware and software on a single chip. This module provides a detailed description of FPGA technologies starting from a general description down to the discussion on the low-level configuration details of these devices, to the bitstream composition and the description of the configuration registers.

Examples on how to configure an FPGA

FPGA design tools must provide a design environment based on digital design concepts and components (gates, flip-flops, MUXs, etc.). They must hide the complexities of placement, routing and bitstream generation from the user. This module is not going through these steps in details, an entire course will be needed just for this, but it is important at least to have an idea of what it is happening behind the scene to better understand the complexity of the processes carried out by the tools you are going to use. Within this context, this module guides you through a simple example, which is abstracting the complexity of the underlying FPGA, starting from the description of the circuit you may be willing to implement to the bitstream used to configure the FPGA.

An Introduction to Reconfigurations

Before continuing in this terrific journey in the reconfigurable computing area, it can be useful to define a common language. Obviously, some of these terms have been already used but it is now time to better understand them and to make some order before continuing with more advanced concepts. Furthermore, as we know, FPGA configuration capabilities allow a great flexibility in hardware design and, as a consequence, they make it possible to create a vast number of different reconfigurable systems. These can vary from systems composed of custom boards with FPGAs, often connected to a standard PC or workstation, to standalone systems including reconfigurable logic and General Purpose Processors, to System-on-Chip's, completely implemented within a single FPGA mounted on a board, with only few physical components for I/O interfacing. There are different models of reconfiguration, and a scheme to classify them is presented in this module. We can consider this module as a transitional/turning point module. We have been exposed to some terminology and concepts and we are now ready to move forward. To do this, we need to combine all the pieces of the puzzles together and to invest a bit at looking at the overall picture, and this is exactly what this module has been designed for.

Towards Partial Dynamic Reconfiguration and Complex FPGA-based systems

The reconfiguration capabilities of FPGAs give the designers extended flexibility in terms of hardware maintainability. FPGAs can change the hardware functionalities mapped on them by taking the application offline, downloading a new configuration on the FPGA (and possibly new software for the processor, if any) and rebooting the system. Reconfiguration in this case is a process independent of the execution of the application. A different approach is the one that considers reconfiguration of the FPGA as part of the application itself, giving it the capability of adapting the hardware configured on the chip resources according to the needs of a particular situation during the execution time. In this case we are referring to this reconfiguration as dynamic reconfiguration and the reconfiguration process is seen as part of the application execution, and not as a stage prior to it. This module illustrates a particular technique, which is extending the previous two, that has been viable for most recent FPGA devices, Partial Dynamic Reconfiguration. To fully understand what this technique is, the concepts of reconfigurable computing, static and dynamic reconfiguration, and the taxonomy of dynamic reconfiguration itself must be analyzed. In this way partial dynamic reconfiguration can be correctly placed in the set of system development techniques that it is possible to implement on a modern FPGA chip.

Design Flows

After presenting different solutions proposed to design and implement dynamic reconfigurable systems, this module will describe a general and complete design methodology that can be followed as a guideline for designing reconfigurable computing systems. To design and implement a reconfigurable computing system, designers need Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools for system design and implementation, such as a design analysis tool for architecture design, a synthesis tool for hardware construction, a simulator for hardware behavior simulation, and a placement and routing tool for circuit layout. We may build these tools ourselves or we can also use commercial tools and platforms for reconfigurable system design. The first choice implies a considerable investment in terms of both time and effort to build a specific and optimized solution for the given problem, while the second one allows the re-use of knowledge, cores, and software to reach a good solution to the same problem more rapidly. This module is guiding the students through an historical view on how CAD frameworks evolved through the years. This is done to show how fast the technology is evolving and the rationale behind the choice made to improve the users experience when working with an FPGA-based system. Not only commercial tools are described, but also the personal journey done by the course instructor and his research team, starting from his early days as a PhD up to the research challenges they are nowadays working on.

Closing remarks and future directions

We are working at the edge of the research in the area of reconfigurable computing. FPGA technologies are not used only as standalone solutions/platforms but are now included into cloud infrastructures. They are now used both to accelerate infrastructure/backend computations and exposed as-a-Service that can be used by anyone. Within this context we are facing the definition of new research opportunities and technologies improvements and the time cannot be better under this perspective. What it is needed now is new platform creation tools, monitoring and profiling infrastructure, better runtime management systems, static and dynamic workload partitioning, just to name a few possible areas of research. This module is concluding this course but posing interesting questions towards possible future research directions that may also point the students to other Coursera courses on FPGAs.

Good to know

Know what's good

, what to watch for

, and possible dealbreakers

Teaches reconfigurable hardware systems, which is relevant to FPGA technology in digital design

Taught by recognized instructors who have published research on FPGAs

Provides a comprehensive understanding of FPGAs, including their implementation and programming

Covers advanced topics such as runtime reconfiguration and system design flows

Offers hands-on examples and exercises to reinforce learning

May require purchase of extra readings, which can be an additional cost

Designed for beginners with no prerequisites, but some background in hardware design may be helpful

Aims to make FPGA technologies more accessible to non-technical students

Reviews summary

Highly rated fpga introduction

Learners say the FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials course provides a solid introduction to FPGA computing systems. With its engaging assignments and excellent, clear explanations, it's a great fit for those who are looking to learn more about the field, even if they don't have a background in FPGA. However, students note that while the course offers good fundamentals, they may want to supplement their learning with additional resources for real-world examples and hands-on practice.

Engaging and help reinforce learning.

"Good knowledge gaining exercise on FPGA"

"Learned a lot about the background materials regarding FPGA, but the assignment quality should be more adaptive and challenging."

"Overall a great one."

Instructor is responsive and provides clear explanations.

"Perfect course for any one intersted in knowing more about FPGA internals and computing"

"This was a overall new experience, helped me to get a very clear and worthy insight"

"The Tutor is very kind and has a great ambitious."

Provides good foundational knowledge in FPGA computing systems, including concepts and terminology.

"Good introduction to reconfigurable computing with FPGAs."

"Concepts are clearly explained, and examples are illustrative and easy to follow."

"Very informative about the world of FPGAs"

Introduces concepts in an easy-to-understand way, great for those new to FPGA.

"Perfect introduction for an FPGA beginner"

"It goes from very basics and I have learned a lot about the reconfigue logic devices"

"Excellent course and materials. The explanations are very clear."

Limited coverage of real-world examples and hands-on practice.

"The real-world examples are confusing and unclear."

"If you are trying to find a course with real examples, an specific CAD software for FPGAs this is not your course."

Activities

Be better prepared before your course. Deepen your understanding during and after it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered in FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials with these activities:

Review Fundamentals of FPGA

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Refreshing your knowledge of the fundamentals of FPGAs will help you better understand the more advanced concepts covered in this course.

Browse courses on Digital Logic

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Review the basics of digital logic gates and circuits.
Review the architecture of an FPGA.
Review the different types of FPGA programming languages.

Brush up on Math Fundamentals

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This course assumes some basic familiarity with mathematical concepts such as sets, functions, and logical reasoning. Reviewing these fundamentals before the course starts will help you succeed.

Browse courses on Discrete Mathematics

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Review set theory concepts (e.g., unions, intersections, complements)
Practice solving combinatorial problems (e.g., counting permutations and combinations)
Sharpen your logical reasoning skills (e.g., using truth tables and Venn diagrams)

Follow Online Tutorials on FPGA Design

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There are many helpful online tutorials available that can teach you more about FPGA design.

Browse courses on FPGA Design

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Find a reputable online tutorial on FPGA design.
Follow the tutorial step-by-step.
Complete the exercises and projects that are included in the tutorial.

Two other activities

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Design and Implement a Simple FPGA Circuit

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Completing this activity will reinforce the concepts you learn in the course about designing and implementing FPGA circuits.

Browse courses on FPGA Design

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Design a simple FPGA circuit using a hardware description language (HDL).
Implement your design on an FPGA board.
Test your circuit to verify its functionality.

Write a Blog Post About an FPGA Project

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Writing a blog post about an FPGA project will help you to solidify your understanding of the concepts involved and to share your knowledge with others.

Browse courses on Technical Writing

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Choose an FPGA project that you have completed.
Write a blog post that describes the project, the challenges you faced, and the results you achieved.
Publish your blog post online.

Career center

Learners who complete FPGA computing systems: Background knowledge and introductory materials will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:

FPGA Engineer

An FPGA Engineer designs and develops FPGA-based systems, including hardware and software components. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies and their applications, covering topics such as FPGA architecture, programming, and design flows. By understanding the concepts and techniques taught in this course, you'll gain the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed as an FPGA Engineer.

See salaries and explore the career path for FPGA Engineer

Hardware Design Engineer

A Hardware Design Engineer designs and develops hardware systems, including electronic circuits and devices. This course offers a comprehensive overview of FPGA technologies, providing a strong foundation for understanding the principles of hardware design. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities as a Hardware Design Engineer.

See salaries and explore the career path for Hardware Design Engineer

Embedded Systems Engineer

An Embedded Systems Engineer designs and develops embedded systems, integrating hardware and software components. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, which are commonly used in embedded systems for their reconfigurability and performance advantages. By gaining a thorough understanding of FPGAs, you'll enhance your abilities to design and develop embedded systems effectively.

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Computer Architect

A Computer Architect designs and develops computer systems, including hardware and software architectures. This course offers a comprehensive overview of FPGA technologies, providing a solid foundation for understanding the principles of computer architecture. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities as a Computer Architect.

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Systems Engineer

A Systems Engineer designs and develops complex systems, integrating various components and technologies. This course provides a comprehensive overview of FPGA technologies, offering a solid foundation for understanding the principles of systems engineering. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop complex systems effectively.

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Research Scientist

A Research Scientist conducts research and development in various scientific and engineering fields. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to conduct research and development in areas related to FPGA technologies.

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Software Engineer

A Software Engineer designs, develops, and maintains software systems. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop software systems that leverage FPGA technologies.

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Electrical Engineer

An Electrical Engineer designs and develops electrical systems and components. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop electrical systems that leverage FPGA technologies.

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Computer Science Professor

A Computer Science Professor teaches and conducts research in computer science and related fields. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to teach and conduct research in areas related to FPGA technologies.

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Hardware Architect

A Hardware Architect designs and develops hardware architectures for various systems and devices. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop hardware architectures that leverage FPGA technologies.

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Embedded Software Engineer

An Embedded Software Engineer designs and develops software for embedded systems. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop embedded software that leverages FPGA technologies.

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Product Manager

A Product Manager manages the development and marketing of products. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to manage the development and marketing of products that leverage FPGA technologies.

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Technical Writer

A Technical Writer creates and maintains technical documentation, such as user manuals and white papers. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to create and maintain technical documentation related to FPGA technologies.

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Sales Engineer

A Sales Engineer provides technical support to customers and helps them select and implement products and services. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to provide technical support and help customers select and implement FPGA-based products and services.

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FPGA Developer

An FPGA Developer designs and develops FPGA-based systems, including hardware and software components. This course provides a solid foundation in FPGA technologies, offering a comprehensive overview of their principles and applications. By completing this course, you'll gain valuable knowledge and skills that will enhance your abilities to design and develop FPGA-based systems.

See salaries and explore the career path for FPGA Developer