Travel Writing from A-Z & Chat GPT

Being a travel writer is an exhilarating journey! Here are some pointers to get you started:

1. Find Your Niche: Decide on your focus—whether it's budget travel, luxury destinations, family-friendly spots, adventure travel, or cultural experiences. This will help you carve out your unique voice in the industry.

2. Travel & Experience: Travel extensively and immerse yourself in different cultures. The more you experience, the richer your writing will be. Take notes, click pictures, and keep a travel journal to capture your experiences.

3. Develop Writing Skills: Hone your writing style. Be descriptive, evoke emotions, and paint vivid pictures with your words. Practice regularly to refine your storytelling skills.

4. Build an Online Presence: Start a blog, create a website, or use social media platforms to showcase your travels and writing. Engage with your audience, share tips, and build a community around your passion.

5. Networking: Connect with other travel writers, bloggers, influencers, and industry professionals. Attend travel conferences, join online forums, and collaborate with others to expand your reach.

6. Pitching & Freelancing: Pitch your ideas to magazines, websites, newspapers, and travel publications. Freelance writing allows you to reach a broader audience and gain exposure.

7. Photography & Multimedia: Supplement your writing with captivating visuals. Learn basic photography skills or collaborate with photographers to add depth to your storytelling.

8. Ethical Considerations: Respect local cultures, traditions, and environments. Be mindful of the impact of your travels and ensure responsible tourism practices.

9. Stay Updated: Keep up with travel trends, new destinations, and changes in the industry. Continuous learning will help you adapt and evolve as a travel writer.

10. Persistence & Passion: Success in travel writing often requires perseverance. Keep writing, exploring, and sharing your adventures with passion.

Remember, each writer's journey is unique. Experiment, find your voice, and enjoy the process of sharing your travel experiences with the world!

I actually asked Chat GPT how it can help travel writers.  This is what it said.  Remember too that there are various apps that complement Chat GPT like Bard and others.  Check them all out and see if any can help you with your travel writing.

What's a travel writer's life really like?  It isn't all glamour, but it still is a lot of fun.  We will explore it in more detail in this lecture.

We all have somewhat of an understanding of Adventure Travel.  But what should a travel writer, write about, when engaging in adventure travel.  What to include and what to leave out.  We explore adventure travel writing in this lecture.

Employers often say they want new employees but you need experience.  How do you get that first travel writing job?  Which jobs are available to rookie writers?  Here are some ideas.

Some of the basics of travel writing that we will go over in more depth throughout the course.

Just how can travel writers write about sustainable, ethical and responsible travel, as well as engaging in it themselves.

Can you bring offbeat travel destinations to life for your readers.  Here are some ideas of how to do that.

Some great topics for travel writers to write about!

Anecdotes are the blood of your travel writing.  Without it, your writing dies.  Bring it to life with anecdotes.

Travel Writers' Guide Mastering Marketing & Promotion Marketing and promotion are essential components of becoming a successful travel writer. Here are some strategies for promoting your travel writing and building an audience: Create a Compelling Personal Brand: Develop a unique and consistent voice that sets you apart from other travel writers. Establish a personal brand that reflects your style, values, and expertise. Design a professional and visually appealing website or blog that showcases your work and personality.

What's it like to be a travel writer in Europe.  What are some things to do and some to avoid?

In this lecture, you will hear some great examples of travel writing.  And here are the Citations for further reading:

1. Theroux, P. (1975). The Great Railway Bazaar: By Train Through Asia. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

2. Gilbert, E. (2006). Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman's Search for Everything Across Italy, India, and Indonesia. Penguin Books.

3. Bryson, B. (1998). A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail. Broadway Books.

4. Strayed, C. (2012). Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail. Knopf.

5. Chatwin, B. (1977). In Patagonia. Jonathan Cape.

These examples can serve as inspiration for students in your travel writing course, showing them the diverse styles and approaches of acclaimed travel writers.

Why did people write about travel in different eras?  And why is travel important for travel writing?  What is the purpose of travel writing?  Who are the famous indigenous travel writers and what did they write?

How to make your writing more interesing.

What can we do to improve as travel writers?

Let's learn about some successful travel writers.  How did they get their start?  What allowed them to succeed?

Some general questions on travel writing.

What techniques can you use to be a better photographer and add this skill to your toolkit?

Questions about travel writing and travel writers.

What trends should you be aware of as a travel writer?

How to be seen and therefore get your writing and books seen?

More quiz questions!

Pitching Travel Stories to Publications: Guidance on how to write effective pitches to magazines, newspapers, and online publications, including query letter tips.

Interviews and the expert opinions of locals can lend vibrancy to your travel writing.  Be sure to utilize these (use these).  But how do you go about doing this?

Discovering your unique voice in travel writing involves a combination of self-exploration, experimentation, and conscious reflection. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you:

1. Know Yourself:

• Identify Your Perspective: Understand your personal experiences, values, and perspectives. What makes your travel experiences unique?

• Reflect on Emotions and Reactions: Consider how different places, cultures, or experiences make you feel. Emotions can infuse authenticity into your writing.

2. Read Widely:

• Explore Various Styles: Read diverse travel writers to understand different approaches to storytelling.

• Analyze Your Preferences: Note what resonates with you in other writers' work. What styles or tones do you enjoy?

3. Experiment with Writing Styles:

• Try Different Voices: Write in various tones and styles. Experiment with humorous, introspective, descriptive, or narrative-driven approaches.

• Play with Structure: Experiment with different structures, such as chronological storytelling, themed essays, or personal reflections.

4. Find Your Niche:

• Explore Specific Topics: Focus on niches or specific aspects of travel that fascinate you (e.g., adventure travel, food tourism, cultural immersion).

• Embrace Your Uniqueness: Don’t shy away from your unique experiences or viewpoints. Embrace them to stand out.

5. Inject Personality Into Your Writing:

• Use Personal Anecdotes: Incorporate personal stories and anecdotes that resonate with readers.

• Showcase Your Voice: Use humor, observations, or unique perspectives to bring authenticity to your narratives.

6. Balance Information with Storytelling:

• Blend Facts with Story: Combine informative content (facts, tips) with compelling storytelling. Weave information naturally into your narratives.

7. Seek Feedback and Refine:

• Get Feedback: Share your writing with peers, mentors, or writing groups. Ask for constructive feedback on your voice and style.

• Iterate and Refine: Continuously revise and refine your work based on feedback. Keep what works and discard what doesn’t.

8. Be Consistent and Authentic:

• Stay True to Yourself: Authenticity is key. Don’t force a style that doesn’t feel natural to you.

• Practice Regularly: Consistent practice hones your voice. Keep writing to refine and evolve your style over time.

9. Stay Open-Minded:

• Embrace Growth: Your voice will evolve. Stay open to new experiences and perspectives that shape your writing.

10. Persist and Enjoy the Process:

• Patience is Key: Developing a unique voice takes time. Enjoy the journey and trust that your voice will develop with persistence.

Discovering your voice is an ongoing process. Embrace your uniqueness, stay open to growth, and let your genuine experiences shine through in your travel writing.

Writing irresistible travel articles involves a combination of structuring your content effectively, creating attention-grabbing headlines, and crafting engaging introductions. Here's a breakdown of tips for each aspect:

Structuring Your Travel Articles:

1. Clear Structure:

• Start with an Outline: Plan your article structure. Begin with an introduction, main body (divided into sections if needed), and a conclusion.

• Use Subheadings: Break content into digestible sections using subheadings for different aspects of the travel experience (e.g., "Exploring the City," "Culinary Delights," "Off-the-Beaten-Path Gems").

2. Engaging Content Flow:

• Logical Flow: Ensure a logical progression from one point to another. Transition smoothly between sections or ideas.

• Storytelling Elements: Weave storytelling elements (anecdotes, descriptions, personal experiences) throughout the article to captivate readers.

3. Visual Elements:

• Include Visuals: Incorporate high-quality images, videos, or infographics to complement your written content.

• Caption and Credit: Provide captions for images and credit sources appropriately.

Creating Catchy Headlines:

1. Be Descriptive and Specific:

• Highlight Unique Aspects: Mention unique experiences, destinations, or benefits readers will gain from the article.

• Use Adjectives Sparingly: Employ descriptive words that evoke curiosity without overselling.

2. Consider SEO:

• Include Keywords: Integrate relevant keywords that readers might search for when looking for travel information.

• Keep It Concise: Aim for headlines that are catchy yet concise.

3. Spark Curiosity:

• Pose a Question: Ask a compelling question related to the travel experience.

• Create Intrigue: Use intriguing statements that pique curiosity.

Crafting Engaging Introductions:

1. Start with Impact:

• Hook the Reader: Begin with a compelling hook that draws readers in immediately. This could be an intriguing fact, a captivating story, or a thought-provoking question.

• Set the Tone: Establish the tone of the article within the introduction.

2. Offer a Preview:

• Preview the Content: Briefly outline what readers can expect from the article without giving away all the details.

• Create Anticipation: Tease the highlights or unique aspects readers will discover.

3. Keep It Concise and Engaging:

• Avoid Fluff: Keep the introduction concise while being engaging and informative.

• Be Clear: Clearly convey what the article will cover without overwhelming readers with details.

By structuring your content effectively, creating attention-grabbing headlines, and crafting engaging introductions, you can make your travel articles more appealing and enticing to readers, encouraging them to delve deeper into your writing.

Travel journalism and ethics are crucial aspects of responsible and impactful travel writing. Let's delve deeper into each component:

Ethics in Travel Writing

Cultural Sensitivity, Authenticity, and Responsibility

1. Cultural Sensitivity: Travel writers must approach different cultures with respect and understanding. This involves:

   • Researching and comprehending local customs, traditions, and etiquette.

   • Avoiding stereotypes and generalizations about cultures or communities.

   • Being mindful of sensitive topics and using language that respects cultural nuances.

2. Authenticity: Authenticity is key in portraying destinations accurately:

   • Emphasizing genuine experiences over exaggerated or fabricated stories.

   • Presenting a balanced view that includes both positive and negative aspects of a place.

   • Resisting the temptation to embellish or romanticize experiences for the sake of a more dramatic narrative.

3. Responsibility: Travel writers have a responsibility towards their audience and the places they cover:

   • Verifying information and fact-checking sources before publishing.

   • Considering the impact of their writing on local communities, economies, and environments.

   • Being transparent about any sponsored content or conflicts of interest.

Interviewing Skills and Conducting On-location Research

1. Interviewing Techniques: Effective interviewing is essential for gathering diverse perspectives:

   • Developing open-ended questions that encourage dialogue and storytelling.

   • Active listening and empathy while engaging with locals or experts.

   • Respecting interviewees’ privacy and obtaining consent for quotes and photographs.

2. On-location Research: Conducting thorough on-location research is integral to authentic storytelling:

   • Immersing oneself in the environment to understand the culture, lifestyle, and ambiance.

   • Exploring beyond tourist attractions to discover hidden gems and local insights.

   • Using multiple sources and viewpoints to present a comprehensive narrative.

Avoiding Biases and Stereotypes in Travel Writing

1. Recognizing Biases: Travel writers should be aware of their own biases:

   • Acknowledging personal biases and striving for objectivity in storytelling.

   • Challenging preconceived notions and examining how biases may influence perceptions.

2. Avoiding Stereotypes: To create inclusive and accurate narratives:

   • Avoiding stereotypical portrayals of people, places, or cultures.

   • Highlighting diversity within cultures and communities.

   • Using language and descriptions that are respectful and free from prejudices.

By integrating these ethical considerations into their work, travel journalists can create authentic, respectful, and culturally sensitive narratives that engage readers while respecting the places and people they encounter.

Interviewing skills are pivotal for travel writers to capture authentic experiences and diverse perspectives. Here's an in-depth look at effective interviewing techniques and conducting on-location research:

Interviewing Techniques for Travel Writers

Developing Open-ended Questions

• Dialogue-Encouraging Questions: Craft questions that prompt more than just yes/no answers. Examples include:

  • "Can you describe a memorable experience you've had in this place?"

  • "What aspects of your culture or community do you think visitors should know about?"

• Storytelling-Oriented Questions: Encourage interviewees to share narratives and personal anecdotes:

  • "Could you walk me through a typical day in your life here?"

  • "What traditions or practices do you think define your community?"

Active Listening and Empathy

• Engagement through Listening: Pay close attention to verbal and non-verbal cues to understand the interviewee's perspective better.

• Empathetic Approach: Connect with the interviewee on a human level, showing genuine interest and empathy for their experiences and stories.

• Reflective Listening: Paraphrase and summarize what the interviewee shares to demonstrate understanding and encourage further conversation.

Respecting Interviewees’ Privacy and Consent

• Privacy Considerations: Ensure that interviewees feel comfortable sharing their stories without feeling intruded upon.

• Consent for Quotes and Photographs: Request permission before quoting or taking photographs, respecting their preferences regarding anonymity or privacy.

• Clarifying Intentions: Explain how the information will be used and published, ensuring transparency about the reach and audience of the piece.

Conducting On-location Research

Immersion in the Environment

• Immersive Approach: Spend time observing and participating in local activities to grasp the essence of the place.

• Engaging with the Community: Interact with locals beyond formal interviews, fostering relationships to gain deeper insights.

• Exploring Off the Beaten Path: Venture beyond tourist spots to uncover authentic experiences and unique perspectives.

Diverse Sources and Perspectives

• Multiplicity of Sources: Seek information and stories from a wide range of sources, including different demographics and backgrounds.

• Balanced Representation: Present a balanced portrayal by incorporating multiple viewpoints, avoiding the dominance of a single narrative.

Ethical Considerations in Research

• Respect for Cultural Norms: Adhere to local customs and practices while conducting research, respecting boundaries and sensitivities.

• Verification of Information: Cross-check facts and information obtained during research to ensure accuracy and reliability.

By honing these interviewing skills and research practices, travel writers can gather rich, diverse, and authentic content, fostering a deeper understanding of the places they visit and the stories they share.

Enhancing Travel Writing: The Art of Visual Storytelling

In the realm of travel writing, the marriage of captivating words and stunning visuals has the power to transport readers to distant lands, evoking a sense of wanderlust and curiosity. Incorporating photography and multimedia elements into travel articles not only enhances their appeal but also deepens the immersive experience for the audience.

Basics of Travel Photography for Writers

Visual Composition and Storytelling

Travel writers venturing into photography can benefit from understanding:

• Composition Techniques: Basics like the rule of thirds, leading lines, and framing can significantly improve the visual appeal of photographs.

• Narrative Through Imagery: Capturing moments that narrate a story or convey the essence of a place adds depth to written content.

Equipment and Technical Skills

• Choosing the Right Gear: Understanding the role of different cameras, lenses, and accessories in capturing various scenes.

• Mastering Technical Aspects: Basics of exposure, aperture, shutter speed, and post-processing techniques to refine images.

Capturing Authentic Moments

• Candid Photography: Embracing spontaneity to capture genuine emotions and unscripted moments.

• Local Interactions: Engaging with locals and respectfully capturing their stories through photography.

Integrating Multimedia Elements in Travel Articles

Image-Text Synergy

• Visual Narrative Alignment: Choosing images that complement written content, enhancing the storytelling experience.

• Placement and Sizing: Strategically integrating visuals within the text to maintain reader engagement.

Incorporating Videos and Audio Clips

• Dynamic Multimedia: Using videos or audio snippets to provide an immersive experience.

• Interview Clips or Ambient Sounds: Adding depth by including authentic sounds or voices from the location.

Interactive Elements in Online Platforms

• Interactive Maps or Slideshows: Enhancing online articles with interactive features for a richer user experience.

• 360-Degree Photography or Virtual Tours: Offering readers a virtual exploration of destinations.

Copyright and Legal Considerations for Visual Content

Understanding Intellectual Property Rights

• Copyright Laws: Familiarizing oneself with copyright laws and how they apply to visual content.

• Permission and Licensing: Obtaining necessary permissions or licenses for using images or multimedia created by others.

Protecting Own Work

• Watermarking and Attribution: Properly crediting and protecting one’s own visual content from unauthorized use.

• Documentation and Contracts: Maintaining records and having contracts when collaborating with others on visual projects.

Ethical Use of Visuals

• Respect for Ownership: Acknowledging and respecting the ownership and cultural significance of visual content.

• Avoiding Misrepresentation: Ensuring visuals accurately represent the context without misleading the audience.

In conclusion, the fusion of travel writing with photography and multimedia elements adds depth, authenticity, and allure to storytelling. However, it's equally crucial for writers to navigate the legal and ethical landscape surrounding visual content to ensure responsible and impactful storytelling. Through a harmonious blend of words and visuals, travel writers can create immersive narratives that transport their audience across continents and cultures.

Let's delve into the essential aspects of the business side of travel writing.

Negotiating Contracts and Rates

• Understanding Industry Standards

  • Researching Rates: Familiarize yourself with industry standards for various types of travel writing assignments, considering factors like word count, complexity, and publication reach.

  • Networking with Peers: Discuss rates and contracts with fellow writers to gain insights into fair compensation in the industry.

  Effective Negotiation Techniques

  • Articulating Value: Clearly communicate the value you bring to the table, highlighting your expertise, unique angle, or access to exclusive information.

  • Flexibility and Compromise: Being open to negotiation while ensuring your worth is acknowledged, finding a balance that benefits both parties.

  • Clarifying Terms: Carefully review and negotiate contract terms regarding rights, deadlines, revisions, and payment schedules to protect your interests.

Managing Finances and Budgeting for Travel

Financial Planning

• Budget Allocation: Allocating funds for travel expenses, accommodation, meals, and other incidentals related to research and writing assignments.

• Tracking Expenses: Maintaining detailed records of expenses for tax purposes and financial planning.

Maximizing Resources

• Cost-efficient Travel: Exploring budget-friendly travel options without compromising on quality or authenticity of experiences.

• Leveraging Technology: Using apps or tools for expense tracking, finding deals on accommodations, and optimizing travel expenses.

Building Relationships with Editors and Clients

Effective Communication

• Professional Correspondence: Maintaining clear, professional communication with editors and clients, ensuring prompt responses and meeting deadlines.

• Adaptability and Flexibility: Being adaptable to editorial requests while maintaining the integrity of your work.

Networking and Relationship Building

• Attending Industry Events: Participating in conferences, workshops, or networking events to connect with editors and potential clients.

• Building a Portfolio: Showcasing a strong portfolio of work that reflects versatility and quality to attract and retain clients.

Providing Value and Reliability

• Consistent Quality: Delivering high-quality work consistently to build a reputation for reliability and professionalism.

• Going the Extra Mile: Offering additional insights or suggestions that add value to your contributions, demonstrating a commitment to the success of the project.

Mastering these business essentials in travel writing not only ensures financial stability and growth but also nurtures long-term relationships within the industry. By negotiating effectively, managing finances prudently, and fostering strong connections with editors and clients, travel writers can establish themselves as reliable and sought-after professionals in the field.

Advancing in travel writing involves mastering specialized techniques and carving out a distinct niche in the industry.

Advanced Storytelling Techniques

Immersive Writing

• Sensory Detailing: Engaging readers by vividly describing sensory experiences—sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and textures—to transport them into the scene.

• Emotional Connection: Crafting narratives that evoke emotions, allowing readers to connect deeply with the places and experiences being portrayed.

• First-person Perspective: Using personal experiences and reflections to immerse readers in the writer's journey.

Humorous Narrative

• Subtle Wit and Observation: Infusing humor through witty observations, anecdotes, or unexpected turns of phrase, adding entertainment value to the storytelling.

• Balancing Seriousness and Levity: Striking a balance between humor and respect for the subject matter, ensuring the humor enhances the narrative rather than trivializing it.

Exploring Niche Areas in Travel Writing

Food and Culinary Travel

• Culinary Exploration: Delving into the world of local cuisines, exploring tastes, traditions, and stories behind dishes.

• Food Culture Immersion: Unveiling the connections between food, culture, and history within destinations.

Adventure and Outdoor Travel

• Extreme Experiences: Documenting adrenaline-fueled adventures and outdoor escapades, providing insights into adventure travel destinations.

• Responsible Adventure: Balancing thrill-seeking narratives with responsible and sustainable travel practices.

Luxury and Experiential Travel

• Exclusive Experiences: Covering high-end destinations and luxury travel experiences, showcasing unique and luxurious accommodations, services, and activities.

• In-depth Experiences: Focusing on the experiential aspects of luxury travel beyond opulence, emphasizing personal transformation or unique encounters.

Developing a Personal Brand and Specialization

Defining Your Voice and Style

• Consistency in Tone: Establishing a consistent voice that resonates with your audience, whether it's through humor, introspection, or expertise.

• Distinctive Style: Cultivating a unique writing style or approach that sets you apart in the crowded travel writing landscape.

Specialization and Expertise

• Becoming an Authority: Developing expertise in a specific niche (e.g., sustainable travel, off-the-beaten-path destinations, cultural immersion) to become a go-to expert.

• Portfolio Curation: Building a portfolio that showcases your specialized knowledge and expertise within your chosen niche.

Engaging with Your Audience

• Building Community: Interacting with readers through social media, blogs, or newsletters, fostering a community around your brand and niche.

• Authenticity and Transparency: Maintaining transparency and authenticity in your storytelling, building trust and loyalty among your audience.

By mastering advanced storytelling techniques, exploring specialized niches, and cultivating a distinctive personal brand, travel writers can elevate their craft, stand out in the industry, and connect with a dedicated audience passionate about their unique perspective and expertise.

Crafting a compelling travel writing portfolio and a final project that showcases your skills and techniques is crucial for establishing yourself in the field. Here's a breakdown:

Creating a Comprehensive Travel Writing Portfolio

Variety and Depth

• Diverse Content: Include a range of travel pieces that showcase your versatility—destination guides, narrative stories, reviews, and feature articles.

• Different Mediums: Incorporate multimedia elements—photographs, videos, or interactive content if applicable—to enrich your portfolio.

Highlighting Skills and Expertise

• Specialized Niches: Showcase expertise in specific niches (e.g., adventure travel, cultural immersion, food writing) by including relevant articles or pieces.

• Showcasing Techniques: Highlight advanced storytelling techniques, humor, immersive writing, or any specialized skills developed during the course.

Quality and Presentation

• Selecting Best Work: Choose pieces that demonstrate your best writing, storytelling, and photography skills.

• Professional Presentation: Create a visually appealing, easily navigable portfolio using an online platform or a well-organized document.

Crafting a Final Project Showcasing Learned Skills and Techniques

Project Theme or Focus

• Focused Topic: Choose a theme or destination to craft a comprehensive project that demonstrates your skills and expertise in that area.

• Incorporating Techniques: Integrate various advanced techniques learned throughout the course—immersive storytelling, humor, or niche exploration—within this project.

Multimedia Integration

• Visual and Audio Elements: Incorporate photographs, videos, or audio clips that complement the written content, offering a multi-dimensional experience.

• Interactive Elements (if applicable): Use technology to create interactive elements like maps, slideshows, or virtual tours to enhance engagement.

Showcasing Personal Style

• Distinctive Voice: Showcase your unique writing style, voice, and perspective throughout the project.

• Consistency and Cohesion: Ensure the project maintains consistency in tone, style, and narrative flow.

Guidance on Submitting Work for Publication or Personal Portfolio Development

Publication Submissions

• Researching Suitable Outlets: Identify publications aligned with your niche and style, and tailor submissions accordingly.

• Adhering to Guidelines: Follow submission guidelines meticulously, including formatting, word count, and preferred topics.

Personal Portfolio Development

• Online Presence: Utilize online platforms like personal websites or professional networking sites to host and showcase your portfolio.

• Networking and Collaboration: Connect with editors, fellow writers, or industry professionals to gain feedback and opportunities for portfolio enhancement.

Seeking Feedback and Refinement

• Peer Review: Seek constructive criticism from peers or mentors to refine your final project and portfolio.

• Continuous Improvement: Use feedback to continually improve and update your portfolio as you grow in your travel writing journey.

Crafting a strong portfolio and final project requires a blend of your best work, honed skills, and a thoughtful presentation that reflects your expertise and personal style. It's a key step towards both seeking publication opportunities and establishing your brand as a proficient and compelling travel writer.

Paul Theroux is one of the best travel writers.  But what is good about his writing?

Why is Bill Bryson such a popular travel writer?  Could you learn to write like him?

How to incorporate multimedia in your travel writing.  What do you need to do?

What makes great writing?  How can you improve your writing?

How to write about food and culinary adventures.  What to include and what to leave out.  How to describe food.

Which travel writers should you read and learn from?

We all have many things to do. How to prioritize the important things.  Researchers have found that be doing 20% of the most important things, the other 80% often take care of themselves.  In other words, by doing the 20% of the most important tasks you become more productive.  We examine this in a summary of the book about his concept.