悖论：思维的魔方 from Coursera

“悖论”（paradox）指思维中深层次的矛盾，并且是难解的矛盾。它们是巨大且艰深的理智难题，以触目惊心的形式向我们展示了：我们的看似合理、有效的“共识”、“前提”、“推理规则”在某些地方出了问题，我们思维中最基本的概念、原理、原则在某些地方潜藏着风险。悖论对人类理智构成严重挑战，并在人类的认知发展和科学发展中起重要作用。

本课程将讲授历史上已经提出的一些著名悖论，涉及的论题有：一些扰人的二难困境；模糊性：连锁悖论；芝诺悖论和无穷之迷；逻辑-数学悖论；语义悖论；休谟问题和归纳悖论；认知悖论；合理行动和决策的悖论；道德悖论；中国古代文化中的悖论；对于悖论的进一步思考，如此等等。

我认为，大学里应该传授两类知识：一类知识“实实在在”，另一类知识“奇奇怪怪”。

学习第一类知识后，你能够成为此类知识的使用者和传播者，成为社会所需要的合格的劳动者，能够直接在企事业单位就业，也为自己谋一份体面而有尊严的生活。

学习第二类知识，则有助于打破你的思维定势，开拓你的理智空间，激发你的理智好奇心，使你养成独立思考的习惯，培养一种健康、温和的怀疑主义态度，培养一种宽容和接纳的文明态度，能够成为民主社会中独立自主、理性负责的公民，经进一步深造后，有可能成为知识的创造者和生产者，成为各行各业中的精英人物。

我认为，大学里应该传授两类知识：一类知识“实实在在”，另一类知识“奇奇怪怪”。

“悖论”（paradox）典型地属于“奇奇怪怪”的知识。

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预备知识和悖论概述

上帝悖论和连锁悖论

芝诺悖论和无穷之谜

逻辑-集合论悖论和语义悖论

语义悖论、归纳悖论和认知悖论

各种认知悖论

认知悖论和合理行动悖论

道德悖论和中国古代悖论

中国古代悖论

关于悖论的进一步思考

拓展材料：研讨会实录及学生报告

期末考试

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Know what's good

, what to watch for

, and possible dealbreakers

Covers core philosophical concepts of paradoxes in logical, mathematical, ethical, and cognitive domains, which is highly relevant across multiple fields

Provides a holistic understanding of the role of paradoxes in human cognition and societal development

In-depth exploration of a range of classic and contemporary paradoxes, including Zeno's paradoxes, the liar paradox, and moral dilemmas

Taught by experts in philosophy and logical reasoning from a renowned institution

Reviews summary

Thought-provoking paradoxes

This course delves into various paradoxes, stimulating critical thinking and challenging assumptions. Its engaging content and thought-provoking discussions aim to foster intellectual curiosity and cultivate a healthy skepticism.

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Learners who complete 悖论：思维的魔方 will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:

Philosopher

You will explore the field of philosophy deeply with this course. Philosophers study the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. They also explore the implications of these concepts for our understanding of ourselves and the world around us. While the course does not teach you how to become a philosopher, you will gain a strong foundation in the history of philosophy, the major philosophical schools of thought, and the key philosophical concepts.

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Logic Professor

Gaining an advanced understanding of logic and logical fallacies may help you to become a logic professor. Logic professors teach students about the principles of logic and critical thinking in courses ranging from Logic and Introduction to Logic to Advanced Logic. They may also teach courses in the history of logic and the philosophy of logic.

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Cognitive Scientist

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring cognitive scientist. Cognitive science is a multidisciplinary field that studies the mind, brain, and behavior. Cognitive scientists investigate how people think, learn, perceive, remember, and make decisions. As this course dives deep into cognition, you will gain a strong foundation that is helpful for entering this field.

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Artificial Intelligence Researcher

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring artificial intelligence researcher. Artificial intelligence researchers develop and test algorithms and software that allow computers to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. As this course dives deep into the nuances of logic, you will gain a strong foundation that is helpful for entering this field.

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Computer Scientist

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring computer scientist. Computer scientists design, develop, and implement computer systems and applications. They also study the theoretical foundations of computing and develop new computing technologies. As this course dives deep into the nuanced logic that underlies a computer's ability to learn.

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Natural Language Processing Engineer

Gaining an advanced understanding of logic and logical fallacies may help you to become a natural language processing engineer. Natural language processing engineers develop and test software that allows computers to understand and communicate with humans in natural language. This course will teach you about various paradoxes in language and logic.

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Mathematician

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring mathematician. Mathematicians study the properties of numbers, shapes, and other abstract concepts. They use logic and mathematical reasoning to solve problems and develop new theories. This course will teach you many foundational logical concepts.

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Theoretical Physicist

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring theoretical physicist. Theoretical physicists develop and test theories about the fundamental nature of the universe. They use logic and mathematics to explain phenomena such as the Big Bang, the existence of dark matter, and the behavior of subatomic particles. This course will teach you many foundational logical concepts.

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Teacher

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring teacher. Teachers help students to learn and develop intellectually, emotionally, and socially. They create lesson plans, teach classes, and assess student progress. This course will provide you with a strong understanding of logic, a skill that will aid you in creating a clear and concise lesson plan.

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Writer

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring writer. Writers create written content for a variety of purposes, such as to inform, entertain, or persuade. They use logic and critical thinking skills to develop their ideas and arguments. A deep understanding of logic and paradoxes can help you to strengthen your argumentation and craft more persuasive writing.

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Journalist

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring journalist. Journalists gather, analyze, and report on news and current events. They use logic and critical thinking skills to investigate stories and write articles that are accurate, fair, and informative. This course will strengthen your logic and critical thinking skills, which are in high demand for journalists.

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Lawyer

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring lawyer. Lawyers advise clients on legal matters, represent clients in court, and draft legal documents. They use logic and critical thinking skills to analyze legal issues and develop arguments. This course will strengthen your logic and critical thinking skills, which are essential for success in the legal profession.

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Politician

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring politician. Politicians develop and implement policies that affect the lives of citizens. They use logic and critical thinking skills to analyze issues, develop solutions, and build consensus. This course will strengthen your logic and critical thinking skills, which are essential for success in politics.

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Business Analyst

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring business analyst. Business analysts help businesses to improve their performance by identifying and solving problems. They use logic and critical thinking skills to analyze data, identify trends, and develop solutions. This course will strengthen your logic and critical thinking skills, which are essential for success in business analysis.

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Management Consultant

This course may be useful for you as an aspiring management consultant. Management consultants help businesses to improve their performance by providing advice on strategy, operations, and technology. They use logic and critical thinking skills to analyze problems, develop solutions, and implement change. This course will strengthen your logic and critical thinking skills, which are essential for success in management consulting.

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