结构生物化学（Structural Biochemistry) from Coursera

生物化学是当今生命科学领域中发展最为迅速、涉及面最广的基础学科之一，其着眼点在于使用化学、物理学和生物学等方法去研究各类生物分子的结构与功能，在分子水平上阐明生命的本质、原理和规律。如今，生物化学的理论和实验技术已渗透到生命科学的方方面面，它的发展一次又一次地带动了整个生命科学的发展。

生物化学可分为结构生物化学、代谢生物化学和分子生物学三个部分。本课程为第一部分，即结构生物化学，以后还会推出代谢生物化学和分子生物学课程。

结构生物化学的内容可以说是生物化学最基础的部分，有人把这一部分的内容说成是“静态生化”。其主要内容是各种生物分子（氨基酸、核苷酸、蛋白质、核酸、酶、碳水化合物、脂类和激素等）的结构、性质与功能，特别是三类生物大分子——蛋白质、核酸和酶的结构、性质与功能。

学完这一部分，将会为你学好生物化学的另外两个部分，即代谢生物化学和分子生物学打下坚实的基础，也为你学好细胞生物学、遗传学等其他生命科学相关课程创造条件。

先修课程：普通生物学和有机化学

大纲（Syllabus)

第一章蛋白质的结构与功能（Chapter 1 Structure and Function of Proteins)

1. 氨基酸（Amino acids）

2. 蛋白质氨基酸与非蛋白质氨基酸（Proteinogenic AA & non-protenogenic AA）

3. 疏水氨基酸与亲水氨基酸（Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic AAs）

4. 必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸（Essential & Non-essential AAs）

5. 氨基酸的英文缩写（Abbreviations for 22 amino acids）

6. 氨基酸的缩合反应（AA Condensation reaction）

7. 氨基酸的手性（Chirality of Amino Acids）

8. 氨基酸的两性解离与等电点（Acid & base dissociation of amino acids and pI）

9. 茚三酮反应（Reaction with Ninhydrin)

10. Sanger反应（Reaction with DNFB）

11. Edman反应（Reaction with PITC）

12. 蛋白质（Proteins）

13. 蛋白质的一级结构（Primary Structure of Proteins）

14. 肽键（Peptide bonds）

15. 蛋白质的二级结构（Secondary Structure of Proteins）

16. α螺旋（The Alpha Helix）

17. β折叠（The Beta-Pleated Sheet）

18. β转角（The Beta Turn）

19. β突起（The Beta Bulge）

20. 蛋白质的三级结构（Tertiary structure of Proteins）

21. 疏水键（Hydrophobic interactions）

22. 模体（Motif）

23. 结构域（Domain）

24. 蛋白质的四级结构（Quaternary Structure of Proteins）

25. 蛋白质的折叠（Protein folding）

26. 天然无折叠蛋白（Natively Unfolded Proteins）

27. Anfinsen实验（Anfinsen’s Experiment）

28. 分子伴侣（Molecular Chaperone）

29. 蛋白质二硫化物异构酶（Protein disulfide isomerase，PDI）

30. 脯氨酰肽酰顺反异构酶（Peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase，PPI）

31. 朊病毒（Prions）

32. 蛋白质组（Proteome）

33. 蛋白质的功能（Functions of Proteins）

34. 兼职蛋白（Moonlighting Proteins）

35. 蛋白质结构与功能之间的关系（Structure and function relationships of proteins）

36.α角蛋白（Alpha Keratin）

37.β角蛋白（Beta Keratin）

38.胶原蛋白（Collagen）

39.肌红蛋白与血红蛋白（Myoglobin & Hemoglobin）

40.正协同效应（Positive Cooperativity）

41.波尔效应（Bohr Effect）

42.别构效应（Allosteric effect）

43.HbS

44.HbF"

第二章核酸的结构与功能（Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids)

1.碱基（Bases）

2.互变异构（Keto-enol tautomerism）

3.核苷（Nucleosides）

4.核苷酸（Nucleotides）

5.核酸（Nucleic Acids）

6.多种多样的RNA（Versatile RNAs）

7.核酸的一级结构（Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids）

8.B-DNA

A-DNA

10.Z-DNA

11.几种DNA的非常规的二级结构（Other forms of secondary structure of DNA）

12.RNA二级结构（Secondary structure of RNA）

13.DNA三级结构（Tertiary Structure of DNA）

14.RNA三级结构（Tertiary Structure of RNA）

15.核糖核酸蛋白复合物（RNA-Protein Complex）

16.核小体（Nucleosome）

17.RNA世界（The RNA world hypothesis）

第三章蛋白质和核酸的性质（Chapter 3 Properties of Proteins and Nucleic Acids)

1. 紫外吸收（UV absorption）

2. 沉淀（Precipitation）

3. 两性解离（Acid & base dissociation and pI）

4. 变性（Denaturation）

5. 复性（Renaturation）

6. Tm

7. 水解（Hydrolysis）

8. 蛋白质的颜色反应（Protein coloring reaction)

9. 电泳（Electrophoresis）

10. 层析（Chromatography）

11. 透析与超滤（Dialysis and Ultrafiltration）

第四章酶的结构与功能（Chapter 4 Structure and Function of Enzymes)

1. 酶（Enzymes）

2. 辅助因子（Cofactors)

3. 核酶（Ribozymes）

4. 活性中心（The Active Site）

5. “锁与钥匙”模型（Lock and key model）

6. “诱导契合”模型（The Induced Fit model）

7. “三点附着”模型（Three-point attachment model）

8. 酶的命名和分类（Enzyme Nomenclature）

9. 酶动力学（Enzyme kinetics）

10. 米氏方程（The Mechaelis-Menten Equation）

11. Kcat和kcat/Km（Kcat & kcat/Km）

12. 双倒数作图（Double-reciprocal plot）

13. 酶抑制剂（Enzyme Inhibitors）

14. 竞争性抑制剂（Competitive Inhibitor）

15. 非竞争性抑制剂（Non-competitive Inhibitor）

16. 反竞争性抑制剂（Uncompetitive Inhibitor）

17. 基团特异性抑制剂（Group Specific Reagent）

18. 底物类似物（Substrate Analogue）

19. 自杀性抑制剂（Suicide Inhibitor）

20. 别构酶（Allosteric Enzymes）

21. 齐变模型（The Concerted Model）

22. 序变模型（The Sequential Model）

23. 过渡态稳定学说（“The transition-state stabilization” theory）

24. 抗体酶（Abzymes）

25. 临近与定向效应（Catalysis by proximity and orientation）

26. 广义酸碱催化（General Acid-base catalysis）

27. 静电催化（Electrostatic catalysis）

28. 金属催化（Metal catalysis）

29. 共价催化（Covalent catalysis）

30. 底物形变（Substrate strain）

31. 蛋白酶（Proteases）

32. 酶活性的调节（Regulation of Enzyme Activities)

33. 同工酶（Isozymes）

34. 别构调节（Allosteric control）

35. 共价修饰调节（Regulation by covalent modification）

36. 水解激活（Proteolytic activation）

37. 调节蛋白的激活和抑制（Stimulation and inhibition by control proteins）

38. 维生素（Vitamins）

第五章糖类和脂类的结构与功能（Chapter 5 Structure and Function of Carbohydrates and Lipids)

1. 碳水化合物（Carbohydrates）

2. 单糖（Monosaccharides）

3. 差向异构体（Epimers)

4. 异头体（Anomer）

5. 寡糖（Oligosaccharides）

6. 多糖（Polysaccharides）

7. 糖缀化合物（Glycoconjugates）

8. 脂类（Lipids）

9. 脂肪酸（Fatty acids）

10. 脂肪（Fats）

11. 反式脂肪（Trans Fats）

12. 磷脂（Phospholipids）

13. 胆固醇（Cholesterol）

14. 脂双层（Lipid Bilayers）

第六章激素的结构与功能（Chapter 6 Structure and Function of Hormones)

1. 激素（Hormones）

2. 放射免疫测定（Radioimmnoessay)

3. 受体（Receptors）

4. 第二信使（Second messengers）

5. G蛋白（G-proteins）

6. 蛋白质激酶（Protein kinases）

7. 通过胞内受体的激素作用机制（Mechanism of Hormone action by intracellular receptors）

8. PKA系统（The PKA system）

9. PKC系统（The PKC system）

10. PKG系统（The PKG system）

11. NO系统（Nitric oxide system）

12. 受体酪氨酸激酶系统（The RTK System）

13. 视觉产生相关的信号转导（Visual Signal Transduction）

14. 嗅觉产生相关的信号转导（Olfactory Signal Transduction）

15. 信号系统的终止（Termination of the signal）

What's inside

Syllabus

欢迎进入结构生物化学世界（Welcome to the World of Structural Biochemistry）

亲爱的修课者，你好！我是南京大学生命科学学院杨荣武教授。我在南京大学讲授生物化学已有二十多年的时间。我自己特别喜欢生物化学，我的生化课非常有特色，深受学生们的喜爱！首先要特别感谢你选修这一门由我讲授的结构生物化学慕课课程！希望这门课程能让你喜欢上生化，并为你学好生化的另外两个部分的内容打下坚实的基础！同时，还特别希望你能对本课程提出宝贵的意见，以便我在后面录制和制作“代谢生物化学”和“分子生物学”的时候进行改进。请给我的电子邮箱[email protected]或[email protected]发邮件吧，或者加我微信，我的微信号为njuyangsir。我的目标是让你深深的爱上生物化学，掌握生物化学基本的原理，并让你学有所用。为了让你能更好地学好本课程，让它更好地能为你服务，我这里有几点建议，供参考。（1）让自己喜欢上生化。在学生化之前，你可能已从学长那里得到一些有关这门课的信息。你所得到的信息中，最多的可能是这门课有多难学。但你不能因此就不敢去学，或者失去学习的兴趣。我始终认为，要想学好一门课，你首先得让自己喜欢上这门课。当然，让你喜欢上生化是要有理由的：首先生化很有用。从生化课中，你可以得到很多与健康、疾病、医药、营养、保健、防病和治病等有关的知识。这些知识可以让你受用一辈子，而且你也可以将这些生化知识传播给你的家人和朋友。电视上每天都充斥着各种骗人的医药、保健品的广告，这些广告利用的就是大众缺乏生化知识这一点。从某种意义上，学好了生化可以让你成为半个医生。这里请允许我问你几个问题，看你知道不知道。爱斯基摩人为什么少得心血管疾病？正常的人需要补脑黄金（DHA）吗？左旋肉碱真的可以减肥吗？为什么路边的野蘑菇你不要乱采？为什么过夜的韭菜不能吃？骆驼为什么几个月可以不喝水？为什么狗急会跳墙、人急会生智？蜘蛛丝和钢筋相比，哪一个强度更强？你有多少个编码蛋白质的基因？生化中的“近朱者赤近墨者黑”是指什么？有天生不会得艾滋病的人吗？怎么自酿葡萄酒和自制酸菜？甲醇和氰化钾中毒如何解毒？阿司匹林是如何消炎的？你能看懂体检的时候所查的生化十八项的内容吗？这些问题的答案，在学完这门课程和后面即将推出的代谢生物化学和分子生物学以后，你自然就知道了。其次，学好生化是你学好生命科学其他课程的基础，比如细胞生物学、遗传学和分子生物学、植物生理学。（2）本课程每一个视频，都有相应配套的PPT课件，每一个课件都有下载链接，在每一个知识点补充阅读材料的最后。如有可能，请根据链接事先将PPT课件打印出来，上课前能预习一下，听课的时候可以在打印稿上直接做笔记。（3）选择一本好的教材，平时应该多花点时间去阅读教材。在这里请允许我向您推荐由我编写的第二版《生物化学原理》，它既是国家精品教材，又是国家“十一五”和“十二五”规划教材，非常有特色。（4）如何通过本课程，对此我的建议是，你首先要制定好你的学习计划。在学习的过程中要有信心、决心和恒心；其次，按照“I hear，I forget；I see, I remember；I do, I understand”，即“我听，我忘；我看，我记得了；我做，我理解了”这一句话去做。这句话中的听是听课，看是看书，做是做题目和做实验。最后祝学习生化顺利愉快并取得成功！

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Read about what's good

what should give you pause

and possible dealbreakers

Well-suited for learners who are interested in structural biochemistry

Students will learn structural biochemistry, which is the foundation for studying other biochemistry topics

Taught by Professor Yang Rongwu, a recognized lecturer in biochemistry with over twenty years of teaching experience

This course is part of a series of courses on biochemistry taught by the same instructor

Recommended for learners who are interested in learning the basics of biochemistry

Reviews summary

结构生物化学基础扎实全面

学员们说，这门结构生物化学课程为生命科学领域的学习者提供了扎实的理论基础。特别是杨荣武教授的讲解清晰、充满热情，能够将复杂概念简化。许多学生认为课程内容系统全面，涵盖了蛋白质、核酸、酶、糖类、脂类和激素等重要生物大分子的结构与功能，为后续学习代谢生化和分子生物学打下了良好基础。课程中的实际应用示例也帮助理解。然而，部分学员指出，如果先修知识不扎实，特别是有机化学，学习过程可能会遇到挑战，课程进度有时偏快。推荐结合杨教授编写的教材学习，以加深理解。整体而言，这是一门非常值得学习的基础生化课程，尤其适合希望系统掌握生化概念的学生。

结合老师编写的教材学习效果更好。

"教材写得很好，配合视频食用风味更佳！"

"强烈推荐购买杨老师的教材，和课程内容完全配套，看书理解更透彻，事半功倍。"

"我是先看书再听课，感觉效率很高，老师的讲解能帮助理解书本难点。"

"教材是课程的补充，尤其是一些图表和更详细的解释，很有必要。"

课程内容覆盖广泛，构建了扎实的生化知识体系。

"这门课系统地介绍了结构生化的方方面面，内容很扎实，感觉打下了很好的基础。"

"课程结构清晰，从氨基酸到激素，知识点覆盖得很全，对理解生命活动很有帮助。"

"内容非常详实，不愧是名校教授的课程，学到了很多。"

"学完这部分，对接下来的代谢和分子生物学不那么发怵了，联系很紧密。"

老师讲课深入浅出，理论扎实，充满激情。

"杨老师讲课非常棒，理论知识扎实，讲解清晰易懂，对生化学产生了浓厚兴趣！"

"老师讲课很有激情，能把枯燥的生化讲得生动有趣，受益匪浅，强推杨老师！"

"教授对生化知识的掌握炉火纯青，总能用很通俗的比喻解释复杂概念，非常赞！"

"我是零基础学的，感觉老师讲得很耐心，每个知识点都掰开了揉碎了讲。"

信息量大，部分内容可能需要反复观看理解。

"课程信息量很大，有时候感觉一个视频讲了很多内容，需要暂停思考消化。"

"对于我这种非生物背景的，感觉老师讲得很快，一些细节来不及记笔记。"

"内容密度挺大的，需要课后花时间多复习。"

"如果想完全掌握，光看视频不够，得配合教材和习题多练习。"

需要扎实的生物学和有机化学基础。

"如果没有学过有机化学，里面的很多反应机制理解起来会比较吃力，建议先补一下有机化学基础。"

"我生物背景还可以，但化学差一点，有些地方确实需要多查资料才能跟上。"

"...基础不是特别好的同学，可能需要额外花时间去补习一些前置知识点。"

"老师默认大家对普生和有机有了解，没接触过的要做好心理准备。"

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Career center

Learners who complete 结构生物化学（Structural Biochemistry) will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:

Biostatistician

A Biostatistician analyzes data to help medical researchers design and interpret studies, solve clinical problems, and develop new treatments. This course helps build a foundation in biochemistry, which is essential for understanding the data collected in medical research. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge is essential for understanding the molecular basis of disease and developing new treatments.

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Medical Doctor

A Medical Doctor is responsible for diagnosing and treating patients, as well as providing preventive care. This course is a good foundation for a career in medicine because it provides a strong understanding of the molecular basis of disease. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge is essential for understanding how diseases develop and how to treat them.

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Biochemist

A Biochemist studies the chemical processes that occur in living organisms. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in biochemistry because it provides a solid foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action.

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Pharmaceutical Scientist

A Pharmaceutical Scientist helps design and develop new drugs. This course is helpful for those interested in a career in pharmaceutical science because it provides a solid foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge is essential for understanding how drugs work and how to develop new ones.

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Toxicologist

A Toxicologist studies the effects of toxic substances on living organisms. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in toxicology because it provides a solid foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge is essential for understanding how toxic substances affect living organisms and how to develop strategies to protect against them.

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Food Scientist

A Food Scientist helps develop and improve food products. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in food science because it provides a strong foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge is essential for understanding the chemical composition of food and how to develop new food products.

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Dietitian

A Dietitian helps people develop and maintain healthy eating habits. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in dietetics because it provides a strong foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge is essential for understanding how the body processes food and how to develop healthy eating plans.

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Nutritionist

A Nutritionist studies the relationship between food and health. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in nutrition because it provides a strong foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge is essential for understanding how the body processes food and how to develop healthy eating plans.

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Forensic Scientist

A Forensic Scientist collects and analyzes evidence in criminal cases. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in forensic science because it provides a foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge can be helpful for understanding how to collect and analyze evidence in criminal cases.

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Genetic Counselor

A Genetic Counselor helps people understand and manage their genetic risks. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in genetic counseling because it provides a foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge can be helpful for understanding how to interpret genetic test results and counsel patients about their genetic risks.

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Microbiologist

A Microbiologist studies microorganisms and their role in the environment and human health. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in microbiology because it provides a foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge can be helpful for understanding how microorganisms function and how to develop new treatments for infectious diseases.

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Biomedical Engineer

A Biomedical Engineer designs and develops medical devices and treatments. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in biomedical engineering because it provides a foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge can be helpful for understanding how to design and develop new medical devices and treatments.

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Chemist

A Chemist studies the structure, properties, and reactions of matter. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in chemistry because it provides a foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge can be helpful for understanding how to design and conduct chemical experiments.

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Materials Scientist

A Materials Scientist develops and studies new materials. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in materials science because it provides a foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge can be helpful for understanding how to design and develop new materials.

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Chemical Engineer

A Chemical Engineer designs and operates chemical plants. This course may be useful for those interested in a career in chemical engineering because it provides a foundation in the principles of biochemistry. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the principles of enzyme catalysis and hormone action. This knowledge can be helpful for understanding how to design and operate chemical plants.

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