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David Bishai, MD, PhD and Ligia Paina, PhD

This course provides an introduction to systems thinking and systems models in public health. Problems in public health and health policy tend to be complex with many actors, institutions and risk factors involved. If an outcome depends on many interacting and adaptive parts and actors the outcome cannot be analyzed or predicted with traditional statistical methods. Systems thinking is a core skill in public health and helps health policymakers build programs and policies that are aware of and prepared for unintended consequences.

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This course provides an introduction to systems thinking and systems models in public health. Problems in public health and health policy tend to be complex with many actors, institutions and risk factors involved. If an outcome depends on many interacting and adaptive parts and actors the outcome cannot be analyzed or predicted with traditional statistical methods. Systems thinking is a core skill in public health and helps health policymakers build programs and policies that are aware of and prepared for unintended consequences.

An important part of systems thinking is the practice to integrate multiple perspectives and synthesize them into a framework or model that can describe and predict the various ways in which a system might react to policy change. Systems thinking and systems models devise strategies to account for real world complexities.

This work was coordinated by the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, the World Health Organization, with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Additional support was provided by the Department for International Development (DFID) through a grant (PO5467) to Future Health Systems research consortium.

© World Health Organization 2014

All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health has a non-exclusive license to use and reproduce the material.

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What's inside

Syllabus

Introduction to Systems Thinking and Complex Adaptive Systems
This module introduces the basics of systems thinking and the rationale for using a systems approach to solve public health problems in complex adaptive systems.
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System Conceptualization Using Causal Loop Diagrams
This module will introduce you to the concepts of causal loop diagrams and how they can be used in participatory research. You will also be introduced to the software Vensim that allows you to draw causal loop diagrams.
System Dynamics Simulation Using Stock-and-Flow Diagrams
This module will introduce you to the concepts of systems dynamics modeling and will show you how to use Vensim to run a pre-existing system dynamics model.
Practical and policy implications
This Module wraps up the course and shows you how systems thinking can contribute to policy making.

Good to know

Know what's good
, what to watch for
, and possible dealbreakers
Introduces learners to the fundamentals of systems thinking and complex adaptive systems, providing a foundational understanding for further exploration in this field
Utilizes a practical approach to systems conceptualization, employing causal loop diagrams and participatory research methods, enabling learners to apply these techniques effectively
Focuses on the practical and policy implications of systems thinking, equipping learners with the knowledge and skills to contribute to evidence-informed policymaking
Leverages the software Vensim to facilitate systems dynamics modeling, providing learners with hands-on experience in applying these techniques
Emphasizes the importance of integrating multiple perspectives and synthesizing them into a cohesive framework, fostering a holistic and comprehensive understanding of complex systems
Provides a unique opportunity for learners to engage with experts in the field of systems thinking and public health, offering valuable insights and perspectives

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Reviews summary

Excellent systems thinking course

According to students, this excellent systems thinking course is a great way to learn the tools for systems thinking. Learners say this course is well-structured and engaging, featuring a great introduction to Vensim and NetLogo. Many students say they've already started putting their new knowledge into practice in their personal and professional lives.

Activities

Be better prepared before your course. Deepen your understanding during and after it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered in Systems Thinking In Public Health with these activities:
Review 'Thinking in Systems: A Primer'
Review the classic text on systems thinking to deepen understanding.
Show steps
  • Read the book thoroughly.
  • Summarize the key concepts in your own words.
  • Apply the concepts to a real-world problem.
Review basic systems thinking concepts
Review basic systems thinking concepts to strengthen foundational understanding.
Browse courses on Systems Thinking
Show steps
  • Read articles or books on systems thinking.
  • Watch videos or attend webinars on systems thinking.
  • Discuss systems thinking concepts with others.
Organize course notes and resources
Organize course notes and resources to improve retention and facilitate future review.
Show steps
  • Gather all course materials, including notes, assignments, quizzes, and exams.
  • Review and summarize key concepts.
  • Create a study guide or outline.
Six other activities
Expand to see all activities and additional details
Show all nine activities
Connect with experts in systems thinking
Connect with experts in systems thinking to gain insights and guidance.
Show steps
  • Identify potential mentors through professional organizations or online platforms.
  • Reach out to potential mentors and introduce yourself.
  • Schedule a meeting to discuss your interests and goals.
Complete online tutorials on systems modeling
Complete online tutorials on systems modeling to enhance technical skills.
Show steps
  • Identify relevant online tutorials.
  • Work through the tutorials step-by-step.
  • Apply the techniques learned in the tutorials to real-world problems.
Build stock and flow diagrams
Practice building stock and flow diagrams to improve understanding of systems dynamics.
Browse courses on Systems Dynamics
Show steps
  • Review the concept of stock and flow diagrams.
  • Identify the stocks and flows in a given system.
  • Draw a stock and flow diagram for the system.
Analyze real-world case studies
Analyze real-world case studies to apply systems thinking principles to practical problems.
Browse courses on Systems Thinking
Show steps
  • Identify a relevant case study.
  • Gather data and information on the case study.
  • Develop a systems thinking model of the case study.
  • Analyze the model to identify potential solutions.
Develop a systems thinking framework
Create a systems thinking framework to apply to real-world public health problems.
Browse courses on Systems Thinking
Show steps
  • Identify the problem or issue to be addressed.
  • Define the system boundaries.
  • Identify the key actors and stakeholders.
  • Develop a causal loop diagram.
  • Create a systems dynamics model.
Write a blog post on systems thinking
Write a blog post on systems thinking to share your understanding and insights.
Browse courses on Systems Thinking
Show steps
  • Choose a specific topic within systems thinking.
  • Research and gather information on the topic.
  • Write a draft of the blog post.
  • Edit and revise the blog post.
  • Publish the blog post.

Career center

Learners who complete Systems Thinking In Public Health will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:
Public Health Analyst
Public health analysts are professionals who analyze and interpret public health data to identify health trends and develop solutions to public health problems. They use a variety of methods to collect and analyze data, which include surveys, interviews, focus groups, and statistical analysis. This course provides an introduction to the field of public health analytics and equips students with the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Health Policy Analyst
Health policy analysts are responsible for developing and evaluating health policy proposals. They use their understanding of public health, economics, and politics to assess the potential impact of different policies and make recommendations to policymakers. This course helps build a foundation in health policy analysis by providing a detailed overview of the policymaking process and the tools used to evaluate policy proposals.
Consultant
Consultants provide advice and expertise to organizations on a variety of topics, including public health. They use their knowledge and experience to help organizations solve problems and improve their performance. This course provides a foundation in consulting and helps students develop the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Professor
Professors teach and conduct research at colleges and universities. They are experts in their field and use their knowledge to educate students and advance their respective fields of study. This course provides a foundation in teaching and research methods and helps students develop the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Actuary
Actuaries use mathematical and statistical techniques to assess risk and uncertainty. They work in a variety of industries, including healthcare, to develop financial models and make recommendations that can help organizations manage risk and make informed decisions. This course provides a foundation in actuarial science and helps students develop the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Researcher
Researchers use scientific methods to conduct research to advance their respective fields of study. They work in a variety of settings, including universities, government, and industry, and use a variety of techniques to collect and analyze data. This course provides a foundation in research methods and helps students develop the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Program Manager
Program managers are responsible for planning, implementing, and evaluating programs and projects. They work in a variety of settings, including government, nonprofit organizations, and businesses, and use their knowledge of project management and public health to ensure that programs and projects are successful. This course provides a foundation in program management and helps students develop the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Health Planner
Health planners are responsible for developing and implementing health plans for communities and organizations. They use their knowledge of public health, epidemiology, and health policy to assess health needs and develop plans to address them. This course provides a solid grounding in the principles of health planning and helps students develop the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Operations Research Analyst
Operations research analysts use mathematical and analytical techniques to solve problems in a variety of industries, including healthcare. They use their knowledge of statistics, optimization, and simulation to develop models and make recommendations that can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare operations. This course provides a foundation in operations research and helps students develop the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Health Economist
Health economists use economic principles to analyze the costs and benefits of health care interventions. They use their knowledge of economics, public health, and health policy to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of health care programs and make recommendations to policymakers. This course provides a foundation in health economics and helps students develop the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Data Scientist
Data scientists use their knowledge of statistics, computer science, and machine learning to extract insights from data. They work in a variety of industries, including healthcare, to develop models and make recommendations that can help organizations improve their decision-making. This course provides a foundation in data science and helps students develop the skills needed to be successful in this role.
Community Health Educator
Community health educators work with communities to promote health and prevent disease. They develop and implement educational programs, offer counseling services, and advocate for policies that improve health outcomes. This course may be helpful to community health educators by providing them with a deeper understanding of the social and environmental factors that influence health, as well as the tools necessary to develop effective health promotion programs.
Environmental Health Scientist
Environmental health scientists study the relationship between the environment and human health. They use their knowledge of environmental science, public health, and toxicology to assess the health risks of environmental hazards and develop strategies to protect human health. This course may be helpful to environmental health scientists by providing them with a deeper understanding of the systems thinking approach to public health and the tools necessary to conduct complex environmental health assessments.
Epidemiologist
Epidemiologists investigate the causes and distribution of disease in populations. They use their knowledge of statistics, epidemiology, and public health to design and conduct studies to identify risk factors for disease and develop prevention strategies. This course may be helpful to epidemiologists by providing them with a deeper understanding of the systems thinking approach to public health and the tools necessary to conduct complex epidemiological studies.
Social Worker
Social workers provide a variety of services to help people cope with mental, emotional, and social problems. They work with individuals, families, groups, and communities to address issues such as poverty, mental illness, and addiction. This course may be helpful to social workers by providing them with a deeper understanding of the social and environmental factors that influence health and the tools necessary to develop effective social work interventions.

Reading list

We've selected 23 books that we think will supplement your learning. Use these to develop background knowledge, enrich your coursework, and gain a deeper understanding of the topics covered in Systems Thinking In Public Health.
Provides a comprehensive overview of systems thinking and its application to health systems strengthening. It valuable resource for anyone interested in learning more about systems thinking and its use in public health.
Provides a comprehensive overview of systems engineering. It covers the entire systems engineering process, from requirements analysis to design and development to testing and deployment.
Provides a comprehensive overview of systems thinking and its applications in various fields, including public health. It is an excellent resource for gaining a foundational understanding of systems thinking concepts and methodologies.
Practical guide to applying systems thinking to health systems strengthening. It provides case studies and examples from around the world, making it a valuable resource for public health practitioners and policymakers.
Provides an introduction to systems thinking. It explains the basic concepts of systems thinking and how they can be applied to a variety of problems, including problems in public health.
Classic work on organizational learning and systems thinking. It provides a framework for understanding how organizations can learn and adapt to change.
Provides a comprehensive overview of systems thinking in the context of health systems strengthening. It valuable resource for anyone working in public health.
Classic in the field of systems thinking. It provides a comprehensive overview of systems thinking concepts and practices, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in applying systems thinking to public health or other fields.
Provides a comprehensive overview of mathematical models used in population biology and epidemiology. It valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in using mathematical models to address complex public health challenges.
Provides a comprehensive overview of systems engineering. It valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the process of developing and implementing complex systems.
Provides a comprehensive overview of systems architecture. It valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the process of developing and implementing complex systems.
Provides a clear and concise introduction to complex adaptive systems. It valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the behavior of complex systems.
Provides a comprehensive overview of systems thinking and its applications in various fields, including biology, ecology, and social sciences. It useful resource for gaining a foundational understanding of systems thinking concepts and methodologies.
Provides an introduction to complexity theory and complex systems. It useful resource for gaining a basic understanding of complexity theory concepts and their potential relevance to public health research and practice.
Provides a comprehensive overview of systems science and complexity. It valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the behavior of complex systems.

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