General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application from Coursera

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Syllabus

Introduction

This lecture will cover the unique approach used in this course to the introduction of the fundamental concepts of Chemistry. The Concept Development Study approach was created, implemented, developed and refined at Rice over the course of more than twenty years. In this pedagogy, each new concept is developed from experimental observations and scientific reasoning. By contrast, most introductory Chemistry courses simply present each concept as an accepted fact, without foundation. This is why most Chemical concepts seem abstract and unapproachable. The CDS approach has been shown to more effective for most beginning students. I hope that this opening lecture will pique your curiosity about how you might learn Chemistry in a way which is more effective and more fun.

Atomic Molecular Theory and Atomic Masses

Chemistry can be understood fundamentally as the study of atoms and molecules. In this module, we will examine the experiments which reveal that all matter is composed of atoms which combine to form molecules. The clever analysis of these experiments illustrates scientific reasoning at its finest, allowing us to understand the existence and properties of particles which could not be directly observed. In addition, by measuring the relative masses of the different types of atoms, we can begin to predict the ratios of masses of reactants and products during a chemical reaction.

Structure of an Atom and the Electron Shell Model

Proving the existence of atoms and knowing that they combine to form molecules does not provide a means to predict how or why these atoms might combine. This requires greater detail about the structure and properties of individual atoms. In this module, we extend our understanding of atoms by making observations which reveal the internal structure of the atom including a model for the arrangement of the electrons around the atomic nucleus.

Electron Energies and Orbitals

The electron shell model does not account for all of the observable properties of atoms, including the energies and motions of electrons. In this module, we observe that these energies are quantized. We also observe behaviors which reveal the surprising fact that electron motion is described by waves or “orbitals” which provide the probability for the movement of the electrons about the nucleus. This module takes us into the strange world of quantum mechanics.

Bonding and Structures in Covalent Molecules

To understand the types of compounds which can be formed and the properties of those compounds, we have to understand how atoms bond together to form molecules. In this module, we develop a model for the bonding of non-metal atoms to non-metal atoms, called a covalent bond. The model can be used to predict which combinations of atoms are stable and which are unstable. Observations of the structures of the molecules lead to a model to understand molecular geometries and properties related to those geometries. From this, we build a foundation for understanding and predicting how molecular structure is related to molecular reactivity and function.

Types of Bonding: Non-Metals, Metals, and Salts

In this module, we extend our model of bonding by observing properties of compounds formed between metals and non-metals. These properties reveal the existence of ionic bonds, which contrast to covalent bonds. We also consider the properties of pure metals and of metal compounds, leading to a model which explains the bonding between metals atoms. We develop a means to differentiate and predict the three types of bonding: covalent, ionic, and metallic.

Energy Changes and Reaction Energies

Chemical reactions involve energy changes, most commonly with the transfer of heat into or out of the reaction. Many chemical reactions are performed specifically because of the release of heat or other forms of energy. In this module, we develop a means to measure these energy transfers and we use these measurements to develop laws which govern energy transfers. These laws permit us to calculate and predict energy changes during reactions and to understand the energy of a reaction in terms of the energies of the bonds between atoms breaking and forming during a reaction.

Ideal Gas Law and the Kinetic Molecular Theory

One of the powers of chemistry is the ability to relate the properties of individual molecules to the physical and chemical properties of the compounds of these molecules. In other words, we want to relate the atomic molecular world to the macroscopic world of materials. We begin this study by observing the physical properties of gases and deriving an equation which relates these properties. From this law, we can devise a model which describes how these physical properties result from the properties and motions of individual molecules. Understanding the significance of temperature is a critical part of this study.

Phase Transitions and Phase Equilibrium

Substances can exist in different physical states, which we call “phases.” These include solid, liquid and gas. In this module, we study the transitions between these phases, which are observed to occur only at specific combinations of temperature and pressure. In addition, we observe that phases exist in equilibrium with one another at this specific temperatures and pressures. We develop from our observations a model to describe phase equilibrium using the concepts of the kinetic molecular theory deduced in the previous module.

Chemical Kinetics

Chemical reactions occur at very different rates, some occurring so slowly that we only notice them with great passing of time and some occurring explosively rapidly. In this module, we develop measurements of the rates of reaction, determining the factors which can make a reaction proceed more rapidly or more slowly. These observations are summarized in equations called Rate Laws, where each reaction has its own empirical rate law. By using kinetic molecular theory, we develop a model to understand how and why each factor in the rate law is important in determining the rate of a chemical reaction.

Chemical Equilibrium

Many chemical reactions are observed to “go to completion,” meaning that essentially all of the reactants are consumed in creating products within the constraints of the stoichiometry of the reaction. However, other chemical reactions do not go to completion. Rather, we observe that reactants and products can coexist simultaneously at specific observable concentrations or pressures. This equilibrium between reactants and products is observed to follow an equation called the equilibrium constant. In this module, we observe many examples of reactions at equilibrium, we measure their equilibrium constants, and we use these to make predictions about how to maximize the yield of chemical reactions. Included in these important reactions are those involving acids and bases.

Chemical Thermodynamics

One of the most subtle aspects of chemistry is in understanding the factors which make a chemical reaction favorable or unfavorable. In this module, we pursue this understanding by observing what makes a process “spontaneous,” and we develop the concept of entropy as a predictive tool for spontaneity. We observe the second law of thermodynamics, and from this, we develop a model for predicting chemical equilibrium based on a new quantity called the “free energy.” We conclude by relating the free energy to the equilibrium constant observed in a previous module, culminating in one of the most beautiful theories in all of science.

Good to know

Know what's good

, what to watch for

, and possible dealbreakers

Some prior familiarity with the basics of chemistry would be helpful

Teaches the fundamental concepts of Chemistry from experimental observations and scientific reasoning

Covers the topics of a full year, two semester General Chemistry course

Examines the structure and reactions of matter from an inductive learning approach

Suggested Readings are available from the on-line textbook “Concept Development Studies in Chemistry”

Reviews summary

Concept-based chemistry

Learners say "General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application" is a well-received and largely positive course that covers basic principles of chemistry through a unique concept development approach. Reviews highlight engaging lectures and a clear and concise teaching style. The course is particularly praised for its ability to help learners understand and apply chemical concepts. However, some students note occasional errors in quizzes and a lack of practice questions, advising caution for beginners. Despite these minor issues, the course receives high marks for its educational value and is recommended for those seeking a comprehensive grasp of chemical principles.

Instruction is clear and concise, making complex concepts understandable.

"Dr. Hutchinson's instruction was excellent."

"The course lessons, the details, exactness of the presentations, the capacity of Dr. Hutchinson to transmit knowledge have been a delicious experience"

Takes a unique concept development approach, starting with empirical data and building models inductively.

"The "Concept Development" approach of this course is unique compared to traditional approaches."

"Beginning each unit with empirical data, building from these to create a model (inductive reasoning), and then applying/adapting the model to answer questions/solve problems (deductive reasoning), was fantastic."

Occasional errors in quizzes and a lack of practice questions may be challenging for learners.

"The quizzes, well, some of them were way more challenging than just learning from the lectures."

"There are no practice questions with solutions."

"Some of the quiz questions had no correct answer option at all."

Activities

Be better prepared before your course. Deepen your understanding during and after it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered in General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application with these activities:

Review the textbook

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Reinforce your understanding of the fundamental concepts covered in this course.

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Read each chapter thoroughly, taking notes as you go.
Complete the end-of-chapter exercises to test your comprehension.
Summarize the key concepts of each chapter in your own words.

Watch online tutorials on chemistry concepts.

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Supplement your learning by exploring different perspectives and explanations of course topics.

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Find a reputable source for online chemistry tutorials.
Choose a tutorial that covers a topic you're interested in or struggling with.
Take notes and pause the tutorial as needed to fully understand the concepts.

Practice solving chemistry problems.

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Improve your problem-solving skills and deepen your understanding of chemical principles.

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Find a set of practice problems online or in a textbook.
Work through the problems, step-by-step.
Check your answers against the provided solutions.

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Join a study group or attend a review session.

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Collaborate with peers to discuss course material, clarify concepts, and prepare for assessments.

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Find a study group or review session that aligns with your schedule and learning style.
Actively participate in discussions, ask questions, and share your insights.
Work together to solve problems and review key concepts.

Start a project to design, synthesize, and characterize a new molecule.

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Gain hands-on experience designing and synthesizing molecules, a skill applicable to medicinal chemistry, materials science, and other areas.

Browse courses on Organic Chemistry

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Research and identify a target molecule with desired properties.
Design a synthetic pathway to the target molecule.
Carry out the synthesis reactions.
Characterize the synthesized molecule using spectroscopic techniques.
Write a report summarizing your findings.

Create a presentation on a chemistry topic.

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Develop your communication skills and reinforce your understanding by teaching a chemistry concept to others.

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Choose a chemistry topic that you're passionate about or well-versed in.
Research the topic thoroughly to gather accurate information.
Organize your presentation in a logical and engaging way.
Practice your presentation multiple times to ensure fluency and clarity.
Present your topic to an audience, either in person or online.

Attend a chemistry workshop or conference.

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Expand your knowledge, learn about cutting-edge research, and network with professionals in the field.

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Identify chemistry workshops or conferences that align with your interests.
Register for the event and make travel arrangements.
Attend the workshop or conference, actively participating in sessions and discussions.
Engage with speakers, ask questions, and connect with other attendees.

Participate in a chemistry competition or hackathon.

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Challenge yourself, showcase your skills, and connect with other chemistry enthusiasts.

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Research chemistry competitions or hackathons that align with your interests.
Form a team or work individually to prepare for the competition.
Develop innovative solutions to chemistry-related challenges.
Present your work to a panel of judges or experts.

Career center

Learners who complete General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:

Research Scientist - Chemistry

A Research Scientist (Chemistry) conducts research in the field of chemistry to advance knowledge and develop new products and processes. A doctoral degree (PhD) is typically required for this advanced role, and General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application provides a strong foundation in chemistry principles and research methods.

See salaries and explore the career path for Research Scientist - Chemistry

Chemical Engineer

A Chemical Engineer designs, builds, and operates chemical plants and processes to convert raw materials into valuable products such as fuels, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. This role typically requires a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering and benefits from a deep knowledge of chemistry, including topics covered in General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application such as chemical bonding, reaction kinetics, and thermodynamics.

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Materials Scientist

A Materials Scientist researches and develops new materials with improved properties for use in a variety of applications, from consumer products to aerospace components. While a bachelor's degree in materials science is typically required, this course can provide a strong foundation in chemistry and materials science principles, which are essential for success as a Materials Scientist.

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Quality Control Chemist

A Quality Control Chemist ensures that products meet quality standards by conducting tests and inspections. Typically requiring a bachelor's degree in chemistry or a related field, this role can benefit from the understanding of chemical processes and analytical techniques developed in General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application.

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Pharmaceutical Chemist

A Pharmaceutical Chemist researches, develops, and tests new drugs and drug formulations. This role typically requires a bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical chemistry or a related field, and benefits from a deep understanding of chemistry, including topics covered in General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application such as organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and analytical chemistry.

See salaries and explore the career path for Pharmaceutical Chemist

Biomedical Engineer

A Biomedical Engineer combines engineering principles with medical science to design and develop devices and systems that improve healthcare. Many roles in biomedical engineering require a bachelor's degree in biomedical engineering. This course may help build a foundation in chemistry, which can be applied to the design and development of medical devices and systems.

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Patent Attorney

A Patent Attorney helps inventors obtain patents for their inventions. Typically requiring a bachelor's degree in science or engineering and a law degree, this role can benefit from a deep understanding of chemistry, including topics covered in General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application such as chemical bonding, reaction kinetics, and thermodynamics.

See salaries and explore the career path for Patent Attorney

Environmental Engineer

An Environmental Engineer develops solutions to environmental problems, such as water and air pollution, and climate change. Typically requiring a bachelor's degree in environmental engineering, this role can benefit from the understanding of chemical processes and their impact on the environment developed in General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application.

See salaries and explore the career path for Environmental Engineer

Science Policy Analyst

A Science Policy Analyst analyzes scientific information and develops policy recommendations for government agencies. Typically requiring a bachelor's degree in science or public policy, this role can benefit from the understanding of chemistry and its applications developed in General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application.

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Science Writer

A Science Writer communicates complex scientific information to a non-scientific audience. While a bachelor's degree in science writing or a related field is typically required, this course can aid in gaining a strong foundation in chemistry, which is essential for effectively writing about scientific topics.

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Science Teacher (High School)

A Science Teacher (High School) develops and delivers lesson plans and teaches science concepts to high school students. While a bachelor's degree in science education is typically required, this course can be helpful for those looking to gain a deeper understanding of chemistry concepts in order to effectively teach them to students.

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Packaging Engineer

A Packaging Engineer designs, develops, and tests packaging for products to ensure that they are protected from damage during shipping and handling and that they meet regulatory requirements. Typically requiring a bachelor's degree in packaging engineering, this career may greatly benefit from the in-depth understanding of chemical processes and materials science developed in General Chemistry: Concept Development and Application.

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Technical Writer

A Technical Writer creates instruction manuals, technical reports, and other documents to explain complex technical information. While a bachelor's degree in technical writing or a related field is typically required, this course can help build a foundation in chemistry for those wishing to write about scientific and technical topics.

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Product Manager

A Product Manager is responsible for the development, marketing, and launch of new products. While a bachelor's degree in business or a related field is typically required, this course may be helpful for those looking to gain a deeper understanding of chemistry and its applications to product development.

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Forensic Scientist

A Forensic Scientist collects and analyzes evidence to help solve crimes. Typically, a bachelor's degree in forensic science is required, but this course may be helpful for those who wish to pursue a career where understanding chemistry is an advantage.

See salaries and explore the career path for Forensic Scientist