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Swapnil Singh

Assembly language programming for hackers is a specialized skill set that combines the knowledge of computer architecture and low-level programming with the creativity and resourcefulness of a hacker. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is used to write software that interacts directly with a computer's hardware. It is a powerful tool for hackers who need to perform intricate and precise operations on a system, especially when higher-level languages are not sufficient or efficient enough.

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Assembly language programming for hackers is a specialized skill set that combines the knowledge of computer architecture and low-level programming with the creativity and resourcefulness of a hacker. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is used to write software that interacts directly with a computer's hardware. It is a powerful tool for hackers who need to perform intricate and precise operations on a system, especially when higher-level languages are not sufficient or efficient enough.

Hackers who specialize in assembly language programming are often able to perform tasks that are impossible or extremely difficult with other programming languages. For example, they can write code that directly manipulates a system's memory or registers, which can be critical for certain types of hacks such as exploiting buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Assembly language programming can also be used for reverse engineering, where hackers analyze and understand the inner workings of a system by examining its assembly code.

However, assembly language programming requires a deep understanding of computer architecture and low-level programming concepts. Hackers who specialize in this area must be familiar with the instruction set of the specific computer or processor they are targeting, as well as be able to write code that is optimized for performance and efficiency. Despite its complexity, assembly language programming remains an essential skill for hackers who want to push the boundaries of what is possible with computers and systems.

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What's inside

Learning objectives

  • The course will provide an introduction to assembly language programming, including the syntax and structure of assembly language code.
  • Students will learn about the internal workings of a computer system, including the cpu, registers, memory management, and other components.
  • Understanding reverse engineering: students will learn how to reverse engineer programs and understand how they work using assembly language.
  • By the end of the course, students will have gained a deep understanding of assembly language programming

Syllabus

Introduction
Who can join this course & what skills needed for this course
This section contains all the important concepts which the student should know before going to program assembly language
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Computer system working and the CPU role
Internal components of the CPU
What are the registers inside the CPU ?
Flags of the CPU
Flag Structure of the CPU
Flags working in CPU
Program's memory layout in the computer system
How to view the stack of a program
Hello World in Assembly
Structure of the assembly program
System calls Before Hello World in Assembly
Writing our first Hello World program in assembly
Compiling an assembly program in gcc
Debugging our assembly program
Using C library functions in assembly program
In this module we will learn about data movement in assembly programming
Defining the data in data section in assembly program
Using static symbols in assembly programs
How to define and use data in the bss section
Moving data in Assembly programming
Practical Demonstration of moving data in assembly
More advanced data movements in assembly
Accessing and moving indexed values in assembly
Direct and indirect addressing in assembly
Practical example of direct and indirect addressing in assembly
Concept of indirect address pointer
Accessing indexed memory locations in assembly
How to create a stack frame in assembly
Adding and removing data on stack in assembly
Data exchange instructions in assembly
Setting and clearing the flag bits Carry Flag
Setting and clearning the Overflow Flag in assembly
Setting and clearing the Parity Flag in assembly
Setting and clearing the Sign Flag in assembly
Setting and clearing the Zero Flag in assembly
Understand the fundamental concepts of conditional branching and looping in assembly language, and recognize their significance in altering the program's execution path based on conditions.
Understanding EIP register in assembly
Jump instruction in assembly
what is the work of call instruction in assembly
Conditional jump in indepth in assembly
Using Zero flag as a conditional jump in assembly
Using Overflow flag as conditional jump in assembly
Using Parity flag as a conditional jump in assembly
"Using Numbers in Assembly Programming" involves understanding how numerical data is manipulated and processed within the context of assembly language.
Types of numbers which are used in assembly programming
What are signed and unsigned integers and how unsigned integers are stored
how unsigned integers are stored in memory
Using unsigned integers in assembly program
Concept of how a CPU stores the numbers in memory
Practical demonstration of how CPU stores numbers in memory
How to use signed numbers in assembly program
SIMD registers concept in assembly
MMX registers in assembly
Using mmx registers in assembly to move integers
Understanding SSE registers
Using SSE registers in assembly
What are BCD data types
Storing BCD data types in memory
How floating point numbers are moved
Storing floating point numbers into memory
Storing multiple float values at once
Basic math functions in assembly
Adding numbers in assembly
Dealing with negative numbers in assembly
Concept of detecting carry in addition operation
Writing assembly program for detecting carry flag in addition operation
Understanding overflow concept in addition arithmetic
Practical demonstration of overflow in addition instruction in assembly
Detecting overflow in signed integers addition in assembly
Concept of add carry instruction in assembly
Using ADC instruction in assembly
How binary subtraction works
Using sub instruction in assembly program
Increment and decrement instruction in assembly
Multiplication of two unsigned numbers in assembly
Different ways of multiplications of signed numbers in assembly
How division works in assembly
Bit shifting in assembly programming
Rotating bits in assembly programming
Logical operations in assembly
Using OR, AND and XOR logical operations in assembly programming
Learn all the basic concepts of string manupulation of strings in assembly
How strings are moved in assembly ?
Direction flag in string movement in assembly
Movement of ESI and EDI pointers when DF flag is set in assembly program
How REP instruction works in strings in assembly program
Basics of comparing strings in assembly
How big strings are compared with REP instruction in assembly
LODS and STOS instructions in string movment in assembly programming
Basic concept of how we can encrypt a string in assembly
Encrypting a string in assembly program
How to decrypt the encrypted string in assembly
In this module we will be looking at functions in assembly programming
How to define a function in assembly programming
Using a function in assembly programming
Passing input values to functions in assembly
what are function prolog and epilog with stack frame ?

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Activities

Be better prepared before your course. Deepen your understanding during and after it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered in Assembly Language Foundation Course for Ethical Hackers with these activities:
Review Computer Architecture Fundamentals
Reinforce your understanding of computer architecture, which is crucial for grasping assembly language concepts.
Browse courses on Computer Architecture
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  • Review CPU components and their functions.
  • Study memory organization and addressing modes.
  • Understand the role of registers in program execution.
Read 'Understanding the Machine'
Gain a broader understanding of the underlying hardware and software interactions that assembly language enables.
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  • Read the chapters on CPU architecture and memory management.
  • Relate the concepts to assembly language programming.
Read 'Hacking: The Art of Exploitation'
Gain practical insights into how assembly language is used in real-world hacking scenarios.
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  • Read the chapters on buffer overflows and shellcode.
  • Experiment with the provided code examples.
Four other activities
Expand to see all activities and additional details
Show all seven activities
Assembly Language Coding Challenges
Sharpen your assembly language programming skills through targeted coding exercises.
Show steps
  • Solve problems involving data manipulation.
  • Implement conditional branching and looping constructs.
  • Write functions and handle stack frames.
Contribute to an Assembly Language Project
Enhance your skills by collaborating on a real-world assembly language project.
Show steps
  • Find an open-source project using assembly language.
  • Understand the project's codebase and goals.
  • Identify a bug or feature to work on.
  • Submit a pull request with your changes.
Create a Disassembler
Deepen your understanding of assembly language by building a tool that translates machine code into assembly instructions.
Show steps
  • Research the structure of executable files.
  • Implement a parser to extract machine code.
  • Translate machine code into assembly mnemonics.
  • Test the disassembler with various executable files.
Build a Simple Keylogger
Apply your assembly language skills to create a practical tool for capturing keystrokes.
Show steps
  • Research keyboard input handling in assembly.
  • Implement code to intercept keystrokes.
  • Store the captured keystrokes in a file.
  • Test the keylogger and refine its functionality.

Career center

Learners who complete Assembly Language Foundation Course for Ethical Hackers will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:
Reverse Engineer
Reverse engineers analyze software to understand its inner workings, often without access to the source code. This course directly aligns with the core skills needed by a reverse engineer. The assembly language knowledge is essential for disassembling and understanding compiled code. By mastering the concepts taught in this course, such as CPU architecture, memory management, and system calls, a reverse engineer gains the ability to dissect complex programs. The course's explicit focus on reverse engineering provides specific training in the techniques that are useful to the reverse engineer. The modules on conditional branching and looping may be beneficial to a reverse engineer.
Malware Analyst
Malware analysts dissect malicious software to understand its functionality and behavior. This course in assembly language provides essential skills for examining malware at its lowest level. A malware analyst can apply the gained knowledge of assembly to reverse engineer malware, identify its functionality, and develop effective defenses. The course's modules on memory management, system calls, and CPU instructions are helpful for dissecting how malware interacts with the operating system. The section on string manipulation could be particularly useful for analyzing how malware handles data. A malware analyst may also find the modules on encryption and decryption useful.
Exploit Developer
Exploit developers create code that takes advantage of vulnerabilities in software. This course in assembly language builds a strong foundation for understanding how to write exploits, especially those that target low-level vulnerabilities. The knowledge of assembly is helpful in crafting shellcode and manipulating memory directly. The course's sections on buffer overflows and memory management are directly applicable to exploit development. Furthermore, the coverage of system calls and CPU architecture provides the background needed to understand how exploits interact with the operating system. This course provides a hands-on perspective to the exploit developer.
Vulnerability Analyst
A vulnerability analyst identifies and assesses security weaknesses in systems. This course, with its focus on assembly language, helps a Vulnerability Analyst understand how software interacts directly with hardware. By learning assembly, you gain insight into low-level vulnerabilities like buffer overflows, which are critical to exploit. The course's reverse engineering section directly translates to a vulnerability analyst's need to dissect and understand compiled code. Furthermore, the material on memory management and CPU operations can give an analyst an edge in identifying memory-related vulnerabilities. The modules on data movement and stack frames may also be useful.
Embedded Systems Engineer
Embedded systems engineers design and develop software for devices with limited resources, such as microcontrollers. Assembly language is often used in embedded systems programming to optimize performance and directly control hardware. This course in assembly language can help an embedded systems engineer understand the constraints and capabilities of embedded processors. The course's modules on CPU architecture, memory management, and assembly instructions are essential for effective embedded systems development. The modules on bit shifting and rotating bits can be useful.
Security Researcher
Security researchers investigate system vulnerabilities and develop exploits. This course on assembly language provides a foundation for understanding how software interacts with hardware at a very low level. This foundation is helpful to researchers who want to find vulnerabilities that are not detectable using high-level programming languages. The course's discussion of reverse engineering provides skills for analyzing compiled code and identifying potential weaknesses. The CPU architecture and memory management sections are also pertinent to understanding exploit development. A security researcher can also use the knowledge of registers and system calls to create novel attacks. The modules on assembly instructions would be very useful to a security researcher.
Firmware Engineer
Firmware engineers develop the low-level software that controls hardware devices. Assembly language is often used in firmware development due to its ability to directly manipulate hardware. This course provides the foundational knowledge needed to write and debug firmware. The course's coverage of CPU architecture, memory management, and assembly instructions is directly applicable to firmware development. Firmware developers can then use this knowledge to optimize performance and manage resources efficiently. The modules on storing data types and memory locations may be beneficial to the firmware engineer.
Penetration Tester
Penetration testers, or ethical hackers, assess the security of systems by simulating attacks. While many penetration testing tools operate at a higher level, a solid understanding of assembly language provides a significant advantage. A penetration tester may use this knowledge to analyze custom software, reverse engineer compiled binaries, and craft exploits for specific vulnerabilities. The course's focus on reverse engineering is incredibly valuable, as is the coverage of memory management and CPU architecture. Penetration testers need to understand how systems work at their most fundamental level, and this course provides that insight. The modules on conditional branching and looping may be useful for the penetration tester.
Security Engineer
Security engineers are responsible for designing, implementing, and managing security systems. A deep understanding of assembly language helps a security engineer understand the underlying workings of software and hardware, allowing them to design more robust defenses. This course may help the engineer analyze potential vulnerabilities and understand how exploits work. The sections on reverse engineering and memory management provide a deeper understanding of software behavior. Security engineers can leverage this knowledge to make informed decisions about security architecture and configurations. The modules on assembly instructions and data movement may be helpful for security engineers.
Operating System Developer
Operating system developers work on the core software that manages computer hardware and provides services for applications. An understanding of assembly language is beneficial for understanding how an operating system interacts with the hardware. This course can help an operating system developer write low-level drivers, optimize performance-critical sections of the kernel, and debug hardware-related issues. The course's sections on CPU architecture, memory management, and system calls provide essential knowledge for operating system development. The modules on advanced data movements and stack frames may be especially useful.
Compiler Developer
Compiler developers create the software that translates high-level code into machine code. Understanding assembly language is helpful for a compiler developer to ensure that compiled code is efficient and correct. This course gives insight into the output of compilers and how code is executed at the machine level. The course's coverage of CPU architecture, assembly instructions, and memory management provides a foundation for understanding compiler design and optimization. The modules on numbers in assembly programming may also be relevant.
Computer Architect
Computer architects design and develop computer hardware. A deep understanding of assembly language is useful for computer architects to understand how software interacts with hardware. This course may help a computer architect make informed design decisions. The course's modules on CPU architecture, registers, and memory management are directly relevant to computer architecture. While a computer architect typically requires at least a master's degree, this course may provide a helpful background. The modules on conditional branching and looping may be of use.
Game Developer
Game developers create video games for various platforms. While most game development relies on high-level languages, knowledge of assembly language can be useful for optimizing performance-critical sections of a game engine or for reverse engineering existing games. This course on assembly language can provide a game developer with a deeper understanding of how code is executed on the hardware. The modules on SIMD registers and math functions in assembly may be helpful for optimizing graphics and physics calculations. The course's section on string manipulation may also be useful for game developers.
Software Developer
Software developers create applications for computers and other devices. While most software development is done at a high level, understanding assembly language can provide a deeper understanding of how code is executed. This course may help a software developer write more efficient code, debug complex issues, and understand the limitations of the underlying hardware. The course's coverage of data movement, stack frames, and function calls can provide insight into how programs work at a lower level. The modules on memory in assembly programming may be helpful.
Technical Writer
Technical writers create documentation for software and hardware products. While a technical writer may not need to write assembly code, understanding its concepts may help them document low-level aspects of a system accurately. This course provides a foundation in assembly language programming, which may improve the quality and depth of technical documentation related to system architecture, low-level programming, or security. A technical writer may find the modules on data movement and stack frames helpful.

Reading list

We've selected two books that we think will supplement your learning. Use these to develop background knowledge, enrich your coursework, and gain a deeper understanding of the topics covered in Assembly Language Foundation Course for Ethical Hackers.
Provides a comprehensive introduction to hacking techniques, including buffer overflows and shellcode injection, which are often implemented using assembly language. It covers low-level programming concepts and provides practical examples of exploiting vulnerabilities. This book is commonly used as a textbook at academic institutions. It is valuable as additional reading to provide more depth to the existing course.
Provides a broad overview of computer architecture and low-level programming concepts. It covers topics such as CPU design, memory organization, and assembly language programming. This book is helpful in providing background knowledge. It is more valuable as additional reading than it is as a current reference.

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