PCR
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Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR, is a laboratory technique that allows scientists to create millions or billions of copies of a specific region of DNA. In this way, they can amplify a very small sample of DNA so that it can be more easily studied. PCR is a fundamental technique in many areas of biology, including medical diagnostics, DNA fingerprinting, and genetic engineering. PCR was invented in 1983 by Kary Mullis, a biochemist at Cetus Corporation. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 for his invention of PCR.
What is PCR used for?
PCR is used in a wide variety of applications, including:
- Medical diagnostics: PCR is used to diagnose a wide variety of infectious diseases, including HIV, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis. It can also be used to detect genetic mutations that are associated with certain diseases, such as cancer and cystic fibrosis.
- DNA fingerprinting: PCR is used to identify individuals by comparing their DNA profiles. This is useful for forensic investigations, paternity testing, and immigration control.
- Genetic engineering: PCR is used to amplify specific genes for cloning and other genetic engineering applications.
How does PCR work?
PCR works by heating and cooling a sample of DNA in a series of cycles. This causes the DNA to denature (separate into single strands) and then reanneal (stick back together) to form double-stranded DNA molecules. The process is repeated over and over again, until millions or billions of copies of the target DNA sequence have been created.
PCR is a very powerful tool that has revolutionized the field of biology. It has allowed scientists to study DNA in much greater detail and to develop new applications for DNA technology.
Tools and software
PCR is a laboratory technique that requires the use of specialized tools and software. These include:
