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Peter Galison and Ion Mihailescu

Albert Einstein has become the icon of modern science. Following his scientific, cultural, philosophical, and political trajectory, this course aims to track the changing role of physics in the 20th and 21st centuries. This history course addresses Einstein's engagement with relativity, quantum mechanics, Nazism, nuclear weapons, philosophy, the arts, and technology, and raises basic questions about what it means to understand physics in its broader history.

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Albert Einstein has become the icon of modern science. Following his scientific, cultural, philosophical, and political trajectory, this course aims to track the changing role of physics in the 20th and 21st centuries. This history course addresses Einstein's engagement with relativity, quantum mechanics, Nazism, nuclear weapons, philosophy, the arts, and technology, and raises basic questions about what it means to understand physics in its broader history.

Participants in the course will follow seventeen lessons, each of which will present a mix of science (no prerequisites!) and the broader, relevant cultural surround. Some weeks will examine the physics concepts, while others will see excerpts of films or discuss modernist poetry that took off from relativity. Or we might be looking at the philosophical roots and philosophical consequences of Einstein’s works. At other times we will be fully engaged with historical and political questions: the building, dropping, and proliferation of nuclear weapons, for example.

Typically, in a lesson (about an hour of streamed material), there will be opportunities for individual mini-essay writing, some multiple choice questions to bolster your understanding of the science, and a group activity which might one week be a debate and another a collective commentary on elements of an artwork from 1920s Weimar Germany.

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Learning objectives

  • Through the life and work of albert einstein, the changing role of physics in the 20th and 21st centuries.
  • Einstein's engagement with relativity, quantum mechanics, nazism, nuclear weapons, philosophy, the arts, and technology
  • How to engage with questions about what it means to understand physics in its broader history.

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Offers a comprehensive study of Einstein's engagement with relativity and its impact on the role of physics in the 20th and 21st centuries
Taught by Peter Galison and Ion Mihailescu, recognized for their work in physics and the history of science
Examines Einstein's influence on fields beyond physics, including philosophy, the arts, and technology
Involves critical engagement with diverse materials, including films, poetry, and artwork
Provides opportunities for active learning through mini-essays, multiple choice questions, and group activities
Requires background knowledge in science and a willingness to engage with complex ideas

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Reviews summary

Challenging conceptual physics course

Learners say that this course is an engaging but difficult conceptual physics course that requires no prior physics courses. Students remark on the amusing assignments and anecdotes, as well as the quality of the materials and teaching.
High-quality materials and readings
"Even though edX doesn't offer honor-code certificates anymore, I was eager to finish this course because not only of its high-quality material, but because of a great way of teaching, amusing assignments and anecdotes, and interesting reading material."
Amusing assignments and anecdotes
"Even though edX doesn't offer honor-code certificates anymore, I was eager to finish this course because not only of its high-quality material, but because of a great way of teaching, amusing assignments and anecdotes, and interesting reading material."
Engaging and great teaching style
"Even though edX doesn't offer honor-code certificates anymore, I was eager to finish this course because not only of its high-quality material, but because of a great way of teaching, amusing assignments and anecdotes, and interesting reading material."
Difficult conceptual physics.

Activities

Be better prepared before your course. Deepen your understanding during and after it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered in The Einstein Revolution with these activities:
Volunteer at a science museum or educational outreach event
Engage with the public, sharing your knowledge and enthusiasm for physics and Einstein's work, while reinforcing your own understanding.
Show steps
  • Identify local science museums or outreach organizations
  • Inquire about volunteer opportunities
  • Participate in outreach activities and engage with visitors
  • Share your own insights and experiences with physics
Review linear algebra
Strengthen linear algebra skills to understand the mathematical foundations of relativity.
Browse courses on Linear Algebra
Show steps
  • Revisit the concepts of vectors, matrices, and determinants.
  • Solve systems of linear equations using Gaussian elimination.
  • Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices.
Review Einstein's 'Relativity: The Special and General Theory'
Thoroughly review Einstein's seminal work, deepening your understanding of the foundations of relativity and its historical context.
Show steps
  • Read the book carefully, taking notes
  • Summarize each chapter
  • Identify the key concepts and equations
  • Discuss the book with others
Six other activities
Expand to see all activities and additional details
Show all nine activities
Read 'Einstein: His Life and Universe' by Walter Isaacson
Gain insights into Einstein's life, scientific breakthroughs, and cultural impact.
Show steps
  • Read the prologue and first chapter to familiarize yourself with Einstein's childhood and early education.
  • Focus on chapters covering Einstein's major scientific discoveries, such as relativity and quantum mechanics.
  • Pay attention to the historical and philosophical context of Einstein's work and its impact on society.
Follow tutorials on quantum mechanics concepts
Supplement your understanding by exploring interactive tutorials and simulations on quantum mechanics, enhancing your grasp of complex concepts.
Browse courses on Quantum Mechanics
Show steps
  • Identify reputable sources for quantum mechanics tutorials
  • Select tutorials that cover relevant topics
  • Follow the tutorials, taking notes and working through examples
  • Test your understanding through quizzes or exercises
Practice relativity calculations
Practice applying the principles of relativity to solve problems, improving your understanding and problem-solving skills.
Browse courses on Relativity
Show steps
  • Identify the relevant principles of relativity
  • Set up the problem mathematically
  • Solve the problem using the principles of relativity
  • Check your answer for reasonableness
Compile a timeline of Einstein's life and contributions
Create a comprehensive timeline to visualize Einstein's life and key contributions, reinforcing your understanding of his impact on physics.
Browse courses on Albert Einstein
Show steps
  • Gather information about Einstein's life and discoveries
  • Organize the information chronologically
  • Create a visual representation of the timeline
  • Share your timeline with others
Host a discussion group on Einstein's impact on technology
Lead a group discussion, fostering collaboration and enhancing your understanding of Einstein's influence on the development of technology.
Browse courses on Technology
Show steps
  • Prepare an outline of key topics
  • Invite participants and moderate the discussion
  • Encourage active participation and discussion
  • Summarize the key takeaways
Develop a presentation on nuclear weapons and their impact
Create a comprehensive presentation, exploring the history, science, and ethical implications of nuclear weapons, deepening your understanding of their significance.
Browse courses on Nuclear Weapons
Show steps
  • Research and gather information on nuclear weapons
  • Organize the information into a logical structure
  • Design and develop presentation slides
  • Rehearse and deliver the presentation

Career center

Learners who complete The Einstein Revolution will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:
Science Writer
Science Writers communicate complex scientific information to the public, often writing for magazines, newspapers, or websites. Understanding the latest scientific discoveries and advancements is vital to being an effective Science Writer. The concepts of relativity and quantum mechanics, taught in this course, are among the most significant and transformative ideas in modern science. Studying how Einstein's work and these areas of physics shaped the 20th and 21st centuries can help build a foundation for insightful, accurate science reporting.
Technical Writer
Technical Writers create instruction manuals, technical reports, and other materials that explain complex technical information. A strong understanding of physics can be very helpful, and some Technical Writers specialize in writing about scientific or engineering topics. This course provides background on major physics discoveries of the 20th and 21st centuries, such as relativity and quantum mechanics, both of which are commonly used in modern technologies. Understanding the broader context of such discoveries can help Technical Writers create accurate and accessible documentation.
High School Physics Teacher
High School Physics Teachers educate students about the fundamental principles and applications of physics. The course explores how Einstein's work and discoveries like relativity and quantum mechanics changed our understanding of the universe and the role of physics in the 20th and 21st centuries. This course can help High School Physics Teachers develop a deeper understanding of physics and its history, which they can pass on to their students.
Science Policy Advisor
Science Policy Advisors provide expert guidance to policymakers on scientific and technological issues. They help to ensure that policy decisions are informed by the best available scientific evidence. This course examines the intersection of science and public policy, including Einstein's involvement in issues such as nuclear weapons and Nazism. It can help Science Policy Advisors develop a nuanced understanding of the role of science in society and the ethical considerations involved in policymaking.
Museum curator
Museum Curators plan and organize exhibitions, conduct research, and care for museum collections. Those specializing in science museums may focus on physics or other scientific disciplines, and an understanding of the history of physics can be very helpful. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Einstein's life and work, as well as the broader cultural and philosophical impact of his discoveries. This knowledge can help Museum Curators develop engaging and informative exhibitions on the history of physics and its role in society.
Science Journalist
Science Journalists write and report on scientific discoveries and advancements for the general public. They often specialize in a particular area of science, such as physics or astronomy. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Einstein's life and work, as well as the broader cultural and philosophical impact of his discoveries. This knowledge can help Science Journalists develop a deep understanding of the history of physics and its role in society, which can inform their reporting and help them to communicate complex scientific ideas to the public.
Archivist
Archivists preserve and maintain historical documents and other materials. They may specialize in a particular area, such as science or technology. This course examines the history of physics in the 20th and 21st centuries, including Einstein's role in major scientific advancements. It can help Archivists develop a deeper understanding of the development of physics and its impact on society, which can be helpful for preserving and organizing archival materials related to the history of science.
Science Communicator
Science Communicators translate complex scientific information into accessible and engaging content for the general public. They may work in a variety of settings, such as museums, science centers, or media outlets. The course content on Einstein's engagement with the arts and technology can be especially helpful for Science Communicators who want to develop creative and innovative ways to engage the public with science.
Historian of Science
Historians of Science study the history of scientific thought and discovery. They may specialize in a particular period or field of science, such as the 20th century or physics. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Einstein's life and work, as well as the broader cultural and philosophical impact of his discoveries. It can help Historians of Science develop a deeper understanding of the development of physics in the 20th century and its impact on society.
Research Scientist
Research Scientists conduct scientific research to advance knowledge and develop new technologies. They may specialize in a particular field, such as physics or engineering. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Einstein's life and work, as well as the broader cultural and philosophical impact of his discoveries. It can help Research Scientists develop a deeper understanding of the history of physics and its role in society, which can inform their research and help them to identify new areas for exploration.
College Physics Professor
College Physics Professors teach physics courses at colleges and universities. They may specialize in a particular area of physics, such as relativity or quantum mechanics. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Einstein's life and work, as well as the broader cultural and philosophical impact of his discoveries. It can help College Physics Professors develop a deeper understanding of the history of physics and its role in society, which can inform their teaching and help them to engage students with the subject.
Physicist
Physicists study the fundamental laws of nature and matter. They may specialize in a particular area of physics, such as relativity or quantum mechanics. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Einstein's life and work, as well as the broader cultural and philosophical impact of his discoveries. It can help Physicists develop a deeper understanding of the history of physics and its role in society, which can inform their research and help them to identify new areas for exploration.
Astronomer
Astronomers study celestial objects and phenomena. They may specialize in a particular area of astronomy, such as cosmology or astrophysics. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Einstein's life and work, as well as the broader cultural and philosophical impact of his discoveries. It can help Astronomers develop a deeper understanding of the history of physics and its role in society, which can inform their research and help them to identify new areas for exploration.
Engineer
Engineers design and build machines, structures, and systems. They may specialize in a particular area of engineering, such as mechanical engineering or electrical engineering. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Einstein's life and work, as well as the broader cultural and philosophical impact of his discoveries. It can help Engineers develop a deeper understanding of the history of physics and its role in society, which can inform their work and help them to develop new technologies.
Science Administrator
Science Administrators manage scientific research programs and institutions. They may oversee budgets, personnel, and facilities. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Einstein's life and work, as well as the broader cultural and philosophical impact of his discoveries. It can help Science Administrators develop a deeper understanding of the history of physics and its role in society, which can inform their decision-making and help them to support scientific research effectively.

Reading list

We've selected 52 books that we think will supplement your learning. Use these to develop background knowledge, enrich your coursework, and gain a deeper understanding of the topics covered in The Einstein Revolution.
These classic lectures provide a comprehensive and authoritative introduction to physics, covering many of the topics discussed in the course.
Einstein's original work on relativity forms the foundation of the course, and this book offers a firsthand account of his groundbreaking ideas.
Einstein's involvement in the development of nuclear weapons key aspect of the course, and this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the ethical and political implications of nuclear technology.
This comprehensive biography provides an overview of Einstein's life, work, and legacy, making it a valuable resource for understanding the broader context of the course.
Explores the nature of reality from a physicist's perspective, drawing on Einstein's ideas about space, time, and matter. It provides a thought-provoking examination of the fundamental principles of the universe, making it a valuable read for those interested in the philosophical implications of Einstein's work.
Provides a more contemporary perspective on Einstein's work and its impact on our understanding of the universe.
Offers a concise and accessible introduction to the fundamental concepts of physics, including relativity and quantum mechanics, which are discussed in the course.
Delves into the historic debate between Einstein and Niels Bohr over the nature of quantum mechanics, providing a fascinating account of the scientific, philosophical, and personal dimensions of their disagreement. It offers insights into the development of quantum theory and its implications for our understanding of the world.
Presents a historical account of the development of the theory of relativity, tracing its roots in classical physics and exploring the key experiments and ideas that led to its formulation. It provides a comprehensive overview of the subject, making it a valuable resource for understanding the origins and foundations of Einstein's work.
This historical account explores the intellectual and cultural roots of modern science, including the contributions of Einstein and other key figures. It provides context for understanding the development of physics in the 20th century.
Explores the relationship between mathematics, art, and music, providing a broader context for understanding the cultural impact of Einstein's work.
This biography of another influential physicist provides insights into the scientific and intellectual culture of Einstein's time.
Recounts the scientific rivalry between Leonard Susskind and Stephen Hawking over the nature of black holes and the implications for quantum mechanics. It provides insights into the cutting-edge research in theoretical physics and the personal dynamics that shape the development of scientific ideas.
Critically examines the current state of theoretical physics, arguing that the pursuit of string theory has led to a decline in the field. It offers a provocative perspective on the challenges facing modern physics and suggests alternative approaches to understanding the fundamental nature of the universe.
While the course does not delve deeply into quantum mechanics, this textbook provides a solid foundation for those who wish to explore the topic further.
A historical account of the rise and fall of Nazism, providing context for Einstein's experiences during that period.
Explores the relationship between physics and the arts, a topic that is touched upon in the course.
Explores the impact of digital technologies on social and political organization, drawing on examples from open source software development to social movements. It offers insights into the changing nature of collaboration and the potential for new forms of collective action.
Examines the role of digital technologies in shaping public discourse and political participation. It explores the potential and limitations of online platforms for democratic engagement and the challenges posed by issues such as fake news and filter bubbles.
Examines the rise of the attention economy and the impact of digital technologies on our cognitive abilities. It explores the challenges posed by information overload, distraction, and the manipulation of our attention by corporations and governments.
Analyzes the role of networks in the global economy and society. It explores how networks shape the flow of information, capital, and power, and the implications for social and political change.
An in-depth look at the development of the atomic bomb, including Einstein's role in the Manhattan Project.
Explores the nature of consciousness and its relationship to physics. Penrose's theories on consciousness and the universe are thought-provoking and offer a unique perspective.
Explores the science of habit formation and the role habits play in our personal and professional lives. It offers practical strategies for changing our habits and creating new ones, which can be particularly valuable for individuals seeking to enhance their productivity and well-being.
Examines the role of mindset in shaping our success and achievements. It explores the difference between a fixed mindset, which believes that our abilities are unchangeable, and a growth mindset, which believes that our abilities can be developed through effort and perseverance. This book can help individuals develop a growth mindset and cultivate resilience in the face of challenges.
Celebrates the strengths and contributions of introverts in a society that often values extroversion. It explores the unique qualities of introverts, such as their creativity, sensitivity, and depth of thought, and offers insights into how they can thrive in a world that often overlooks their strengths.
Explores the concept of emotional intelligence and its importance in personal and professional success. It provides insights into how emotions influence our thoughts, decisions, and relationships, and offers practical strategies for developing emotional intelligence.
Chronicles the author's year-long experiment in happiness, during which she tried different strategies to increase her well-being. It offers practical tips and insights into what makes people happy and how to create a more fulfilling life.
A cultural and intellectual history of the 20th century, focusing on the impact of Einstein's work.
Explores the nature of time from a quantum physics perspective. Smolin argues that our understanding of time is incomplete and challenges traditional notions of causality.
Examines the historical debate between Einstein and Bohr over the nature of quantum mechanics. It provides insights into the development of modern physics and the philosophical implications of quantum theory.
A popular science book that explores the nature of reality and the implications of Einstein's theories.
Explores the search for a unified theory of everything in physics. Kaku discusses various theories and their implications for our understanding of the universe.
Provides an accessible introduction to black holes and other astrophysical phenomena. Thorne's writing is clear and engaging, making complex concepts understandable.
This classic book and companion television series explore the vastness and wonders of the universe. Sagan's writing is poetic and inspiring, conveying a sense of awe and wonder at the cosmos.
Explores the nature of physical laws and their relationship to the universe. Feynman's unique perspective and clear writing make thvaluable read for anyone interested in the foundations of physics.
This ambitious book attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental laws of physics. Penrose's writing is challenging but rewarding, offering a deep understanding of the universe.
A novel that imagines a series of dreams that Einstein might have had, exploring his scientific and philosophical ideas.
A popular science book that discusses the search for a unified theory of everything, including Einstein's contributions.
A book that explores the intersection of quantum physics and Eastern philosophy, providing a different perspective on the nature of reality.
A book that explores the parallels between physics and Taoist philosophy, providing a different perspective on the nature of reality.
A popular science book that provides a brief overview of modern physics, including Einstein's theories.

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