Chapter 16: Third Declension Adjectives
Third declension adjectives are just adjectives which use the third declension pattern of case endings. They don't modify only third declension nouns, any more than adjectives of the first and second declension can modify only nouns of the first and second declension. The ablative singular of the M/F gender constitutes the only departure from the standard i-stem third declension: it's -ī- rather than the expected -e-.
Third declension adjectives come in three categories: one, two or three terminations. As you'll see, this distinction applies only to the nominative singular.
Use this form to focus your study of the chapter vocabulary.
Use this form to review your understanding the main points of this chapter's grammar.
Practice your pronunciation as you study these sentences.
The Self-Tutorials are an invaluable resource to help you master the material.
Chapter 17: Relative Pronoun and Relative Clauses
Summary
The relative pronoun acts like a subordinating conjunction, attaching an adjectival clause to something in the main clause of the sentence. As a pronoun, it agrees in number and gender with what it's pointing to, and gets its case from the way it's being used in its own clause.
Downloadable form to help you study and review the chapter vocabulary.
Downloadable form to help you study and review the chapter's new forms and new concepts.
Reading of the sentences in the chapter's self-tutorial exercises.
A brief introduction to the self-tutorials for this chapter.
Chapter 18: Passive Voice in the Present System of 1st and 2nd Conjugation Verbs
Summary
The passive voice indicates that the subject of a verb is receiving, rather than performing the action. In the present system of tenses in Latin, the passive voice is formed by replacing the active endings with the passive endings.
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Downloadable form to help you study and review the chapter forms and concepts.
Reading of the self-tutorial sentences for your practice.
Discussion of the self-tutorial exercises.
Chapter 19: Passive Voice of the Perfect System
Summary
The perfect system passive is formed from the fourth principal part of the verb with a conjugated form of the verb "sum" to indicate tense, person and number. The fourth principal part of a verb can also be called the "perfect passive participle." A participle is a verbal adjective, and hence will have a variable ending to allow it to agree with the noun that it is modifying.
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Summary
Interrogative adjectives modify nouns in such as way as to ask a questions about them; interrogative pronouns ask a question about something that has been left out. Adjective: "What book are you reading?" Pronoun: "What are you reading?" The forms of the interrogative adjective are identical to those of the relative pronoun. The forms of the interrogative pronoun differ from the relative pronoun only in a few forms in the singular.
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Chapter 19: Vocabulary Sheet
Chapter 19: Forms and Concepts
Chapter 19: Self-Tutorial Sentences Read
Chapter 19: Self-Tutorials Discussed
Chapter 20: Fourth Declension Nouns; Ablative of Separation
Summary
The theme vowel of fourth declension nouns is -ū-; like the third declension, it includes nouns of all three genders, though masculine is predominant.
A convenient way to keep and study the vocabulary for chapter 20. Also, this link will take you to the Quia flashcard drills.
A little music to study by . . . Hope you enjoy it!
Chapter 20: Self-Tutorials Read and Discussed
Chapter 21: Third and Fourth Conjugations: Present System Passive
Summary
The passive voice of the present system of 3rd and 4th conjugations follow the same rules you learned for the 1st and 2nd conjugations:
present stem + tense signs + personal endings, active or passive
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Chapter 21: Vocabulary
Chapter 21: Forms and Concepts
Chapter 21: Self-Tutorials Read and Discussed
Chapter 22: Fifth Declension and Summary of Ablatives
Chapter 22: Vocabulary
Chapter 22: Forms and Concepts
Chapter 22: Self-Tutorials
Chapter 23: Participles
Summary
A participle is a verbal adjective and has tense, voice, number, gender, and case. Latin has four participles, as seen in this paradigm:
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The tense of the participle is relative to the tense of the main verb. Translating participles properly often requires promoting them to subordinate clauses or compressing them to a noun.
SummaryIt is helpful to begin the process of translating a participle by thinking first of its most basic meaning.
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The tense of the participle is relative to the tense of the main verb. Translating participles properly often requires promoting them to subordinate clauses or compressing them to a noun.
Chapter 23: Vocabulary
Chapter 23: Forms and Concepts
Now that you've acquired new verbal forms, it's time to update your synopsis sheets. This file talks you through a couple of synopses for practice. (Apologies in advance for the rather poor quality.)
I've included below a downloadable synopsis sheet if you'd like to have one. The two files are the same: one's in Word and the other is a PDF.
Chapter 23 Self Tutorials 1 of 2
Chapter 23 Self Tutorials (in 2 Parts)
Chapter 24: Ablative Absolute and Passive Periphrastic
Summary
The Ablative Absolute construction resembles the English absolute construction such as "that being said," or "all things being equal." These are participial phrases, with no finite verb, consisting of a noun or pronoun with a participle agreeing with it. As an "absolute," they stand outside of the grammar of the main clause of the sentence. In Latin, the pronoun or noun is in the ablative case and the participle agrees with it in number, gender, and case.
The Passive Periphrastic construction consists of the future passive participle used as a predicate, linked to the subject with a conjugated form of the verb "sum." It acquires an additional sense of obligation or necessity. The personal agent is expressed not with a/ab + ablative, but with the dative case alone.
Chapter 24: Vocabulary
Chapter 24: Forms and Concepts
Chapter 24 Self Tutorials Read
Chapter 25: Infinitives and Indirect Statement
Summary
Latin possesses forms for the present, perfect, and future infinitives in both
the active and passive voices:
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A common use of the infinitive is in the accusative-infinitive construction to
express indirect statement:
Dīxit sē ad castra mox venitūrum esse, he
said that he would come to the camp soon.
Chapter 25: Vocabulary
Chapter 25: Forms and Concepts
I offer you this old file, done in the early years of office computers -- I'm not kidding -- where I take apart the sentences in great detail.
Chapter 26: Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Degrees of Adjectives
Summary
Adjectives attribute a quality to a substantive, and they can do so in such a way that a comparison is either stated or implied with other substantives.
English
Positive Degree: blue, ragged
Comparative: bluer; more ragged
Superlative: blues; most ragged
Latin
Positive Degree: longus, -a, -um; fēlīx, -cis
Comparative Degree: longior, longius; fēlīcior, fēlīcius
Superlative Degree: longissimus, -a, -um; fēlīcissimus, -a, -um
The comparison in the comparative degree can be made either by using the adverb "quam" or with the Ablative of Comparison.
When the comparative degree is used absolutely in Latin, "rather" can be used in English instead of the comparative; when the superative degree is used absolutely in Latin, the adverbs "very" or "really" can be used in English instead of the superlative.
"Quam" can also be used with the superlative degree to mean "as X as possible," where "X" is the meaning of the adjective.
Chapter 26: Vocabulary
Chapter 26: Forms and Concepts
And, to my everlasting shame, the earlier reading of the sentences, with merciless analyses of the sentences . . .
Chapter 27: Irregular Comparisons
Chapter 27: Vocabulary
Chapter 27: Forms and Concepts
Chapter 27: Self-Tutorial Sentences
Chapter 28: The Present of the Subjunctive Mood; Jussive, and Purpose Clause
Chapter 28: Vocabulary
Chapter 28: Forms and Concepts
And, for your further use, an old file which takes the sentences apart.
Chapter 29: Imperfect Subjunctive; Sum, Possum; Result Clauses
Plus one old audio file where I take the sentences apart in gruesome detail.
Chapter 29: Forms and Concepts
Chapter 30: Perfect System Subjunctive; Indirect Question; Sequence of Tenses
Summary
Indirect Questions in Latin merely change the mood of the original question to the subjunctive. The subjunctive follows the Sequence of Tenses.
Chapter 30: Vocabulary
Chapter 30: Forms and Concepts
Provided for additional help is an old recording of me dissecting the sentences in the Self-Tutorials word by word.
Concluding Remarks
Summary
You're progressing nicely. You have all the forms of nouns and adjectives, you've seen all the conjugations and have started mastering the subjunctive mood. With just a couple more concepts, coming in the next ten chapters, you'll be ready to start reading "real" Latin authors.