First-Order Optics: Rays, Stops, and Pupil Analysis from Udemy

Unlock the fascinating world of optics with this comprehensive course designed for beginners and professionals alike. Dive into the core principles of light and optical design, exploring essential concepts that form the foundation of modern optical systems.

This course takes you on a journey through the basics of light behavior, including Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection, to more advanced topics like paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays. You’ll gain a clear understanding of how these rays influence optical performance and the critical roles of the aperture stop, field stop, and sensor format in designing optical systems.

We’ll also delve into key optical metrics such as field of view (FOV) and F-number, helping you connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications. Learn to analyze optical paths, understand symmetry in optical systems, and master first-order ray tracing techniques to design and evaluate optical elements effectively.

Whether you’re an engineer, scientist, or student eager to learn about optics, this course equips you with the knowledge and tools to succeed. By the end, you’ll be confident in understanding and applying optical principles to solve real-world challenges in fields like imaging, photography, and optical engineering. Join us and bring your optical design skills to light.

What's inside

Learning objectives

Explore light, rays, and wavefronts
Analyze aperture and field stops
Understand focal length (f), field of view (fov), f-number (f/#), and other critical parameters.
Calculate optical path length
Understand the importance of optics

Understand ray types and their roles
Learn conventions and notations
Relate theory to practical applications
Build a strong foundation for optical design

Explore light, rays, and wavefronts
Analyze aperture and field stops
Understand focal length (f), field of view (fov), f-number (f/#), and other critical parameters.
Calculate optical path length
Understand the importance of optics
Understand ray types and their roles
Learn conventions and notations
Relate theory to practical applications
Build a strong foundation for optical design

Syllabus

Introduction

Instructor

By the end of this chapter, learners will understand the principles of refraction and Snell’s Law, including how light bends at the interface of different media and the role of refractive indices.

Why Understanding Optics is Essential?

Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law)

Law of Reflection

Light, Rays, and Wavefronts

Optical Path Length

The Physics of Light

By the end of this chapter, learners will grasp optics' importance, apply Snell’s Law, analyze rays and wavefronts, understand optical path length, and evaluate the roles of aperture and field stops.

Symmetry in Optical Systems

The Object Side and the Image Side

Aperture Stop

Field Stop

Image Sensor Format

Entrance Pupil

Exit Pupil

Core Principles of Optical Systems

By the end of this chapter, learners will understand the roles of marginal rays, chief rays, and real rays in optical systems, including their significance in image formation, field of view, and syste

Paraxial Rays

Paraxial and Trigonometric Rays in Optical Systems

Marginal Rays

Chief Rays

Real Rays and First-order Rays

First-Order Ray-Tracing: Refraction & Transfer

Invariants in Physics

First-order ray invariants

Conventions

Understanding Rays in Optical Systems

Key Elements in Optical Systems

Focal Length (f)

Field of View (FOV)

F-number (F/#)

Activities

Be better prepared before your course. Deepen your understanding during and after it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered in First-Order Optics: Rays, Stops, and Pupil Analysis with these activities:

Review Basic Trigonometry

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Reinforce your understanding of trigonometric functions, which are essential for calculating angles and ray paths in optical systems.

Browse courses on Trigonometry

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Review trigonometric identities and formulas.
Practice solving problems involving angles and triangles.

Read 'Optics' by Eugene Hecht

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Study a comprehensive textbook on optics to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying principles and mathematical formalisms.

View Optics,5/Ed on Amazon

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Read chapters related to ray optics and geometrical optics.
Work through example problems to solidify understanding.

Ray Tracing Exercises

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Practice ray tracing through simple optical systems to reinforce your understanding of refraction and image formation.

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Draw ray diagrams for lenses and mirrors.
Calculate image positions and magnifications.
Verify calculations using online ray tracing tools.

Four other activities

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Read 'Geometrical and Trigonometric Optics' by Eustace L. Dereniak

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Study a textbook focusing on geometrical optics to deepen your understanding of ray tracing and optical system design.

View Geometrical and Trigonometric Optics on Amazon

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Read chapters related to ray tracing and lens design.
Work through example problems to solidify understanding.

Create a Ray Tracing Simulation

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Develop a simple ray tracing simulation using software like Python or MATLAB to visualize the behavior of light in optical systems.

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Choose a programming language and ray tracing library.
Implement Snell's Law and ray propagation functions.
Visualize ray paths through lenses and mirrors.
Add features like aperture stops and field stops.

Prepare a Presentation on Optical Aberrations

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Research and prepare a presentation on different types of optical aberrations and their impact on image quality.

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Research different types of optical aberrations.
Create slides explaining the causes and effects of each aberration.
Include examples of how aberrations can be corrected.
Practice delivering the presentation.

Design a Simple Telescope

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Apply your knowledge of first-order optics to design a simple telescope, specifying lens parameters and analyzing its performance.

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Choose lens materials and focal lengths.
Calculate the telescope's magnification and field of view.
Analyze the telescope's performance using ray tracing software.
Optimize the design for desired specifications.

Career center

Learners who complete First-Order Optics: Rays, Stops, and Pupil Analysis will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:

Optical Engineer

An Optical Engineer designs, develops, and tests optical systems and components. This course helps build a foundation in understanding light behavior, Snell's Law, and the laws of reflection, all crucial for designing effective optical systems. Optical Engineers benefit from the course content, which covers paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays, as well as the roles of aperture stops, field stops, and sensor format, enabling them to analyze and optimize optical performance. Understanding focal length, field of view, and F-number will further assist optical engineers in connecting theoretical knowledge with practical applications. Studying symmetry in optical systems and mastering first-order ray tracing techniques will be particularly valuable, allowing for effective design and evaluation of optical elements.

See salaries and explore the career path for Optical Engineer

Lens Designer

A Lens Designer specializes in creating lenses for various applications, from cameras to microscopes. This course helps build a foundation in the core principles of light and optical design, a necessity for any lens designer. The course's exploration of Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection assists in understanding how light behaves when passing through different materials, a fundamental aspect of lens design. Lens designers use knowledge of paraxial, marginal, and chief rays to optimize image formation in optical systems. Lens designers benefit from understanding aperture stops, field stops, and image sensor formats, as these components influence image quality and overall system performance. The course's coverage of first-order ray tracing techniques uniquely assists in designing and evaluating lens performance.

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Optical Technician

An Optical Technician assists in the manufacturing, testing, and maintenance of optical components and systems. This course helps build a foundation for understanding the basic principles of optics, which is crucial for technicians working with optical equipment. Learning about Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection from this course provides Optical Technicians with the necessary skills to handle lenses and other optical elements properly. The course will be particularly useful in grasping the function and importance of aperture stops and field stops, essential for assembling and troubleshooting optical systems. The course also helps in understanding focal length, field of view, and F-number which are practical parameters technicians often encounter. This knowledge will ensure precise alignment and optimal performance of optical instruments.

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Imaging System Engineer

An Imaging System Engineer designs and develops imaging systems for various applications such as medical imaging, surveillance, and photography. This course helps build a foundation in understanding the fundamental principles of light and optical design, a crucial stepping stone for the imaging system space. The course's coverage of Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection helps imaging system engineers when designing systems that accurately capture and process light. Understanding paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays, as well as the roles of aperture and field stops, helps them optimize image quality and system performance. The ability to analyze optical paths, understand symmetry in optical systems, and master first-order ray tracing techniques assists in designing and evaluating optical elements effectively.

See salaries and explore the career path for Imaging System Engineer

Photonics Engineer

A Photonics Engineer applies the principles of photonics to design and develop devices and systems that generate, detect, and manipulate light. This course helps build a foundation in the behavior of light and optical systems, a necessary step for anyone in photonics. The course provides insight into Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection, which is a crucial aspect of photonics. The course also delves into paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays, all of which are essential for optical systems. Understanding these optical metrics will help photonics engineers to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications. By the end of this course, a Photonics Engineer will be fully equipped to design and evaluate optical elements effectively.

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Laser Engineer

A Laser Engineer works with lasers and optical systems, designing, developing, and testing laser-based technologies. This course helps build a foundation for understanding the basic principles of light and optical design, essential for working with lasers. The course explores Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection, providing crucial background knowledge on how light behaves in different media. Laser Engineers also benefit from the course content, which delves into paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays, as it provides insight into image formation and optical system characteristics. An understanding of focal length, field of view, and F-number helps Laser Engineers connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications in laser systems. First-order ray tracing techniques will be valuable for designing and evaluating optical components for laser applications.

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Optical Instrument Designer

Optical Instrument Designers develop and refine optical instruments used in scientific, medical, and industrial applications. This course helps build a foundation in understanding the behavior of light and optical systems, a crucial first step for instrument design. The course offers a way to learn about Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection, which are fundamental to understanding how light interacts with different materials and components. Optical instrument designers greatly benefit from the exploration of paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays, which are critical in optimizing image quality and system performance. The course also helps build a foundation for understanding key optical metrics such as focal length, field of view, and F-number, enabling Optical Instrument Designers to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications. They can use symmetry in optical systems and master first-order ray tracing techniques to design and evaluate optical elements effectively.

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Vision Systems Engineer

Vision Systems Engineers create and implement systems that allow machines to 'see' and interpret images, often used in manufacturing, robotics, and quality control. This course may be useful for building a foundation in understanding the core principles of light and optical design, which are used to create systems that help machines 'see'. Imaging Systems Engineers can benefit from the course's exploration of Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection, which are important for accurately capturing and processing images. The course may assist in an understanding of paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays, which helps optimize image quality and system performance. The ability to analyze optical paths, understand symmetry in optical systems, and master first-order ray tracing techniques may assist in designing and evaluation of optical elements.

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Microscopy Specialist

A Microscopy Specialist operates and maintains microscopes, preparing samples and capturing images for scientific research or diagnostics. This course may assist in building a foundation in understanding the principles of optics, which is essential for optimizing microscope performance. Learning about Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection from this course will give Microscopy Specialists the knowledge to align microscope optics properly. The course may be helpful to learn the function of aperture stops and field stops, which is important for controlling image brightness and contrast in microscopy. Moreover, the course may assist in understanding focal length, field of view, and F-number, helping to select the best lenses and settings for specific samples. This ensures that they can capture high-quality images.

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Optical Metrologist

An Optical Metrologist uses optical techniques to measure physical properties of materials or components with high precision. This course may be useful for gaining a foundation on the fundamentals of light behavior and optical design, which is essential for precise optical measurements. Optical Metrologists can learn about Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection from this course to understand how light interacts with different materials. The course may assist with how to understand paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays, which are critical for accurate optical measurements. The course may also prove helpful for understanding how focal length, field of view, and F-number impact measurement accuracy. Learning first-order ray tracing techniques may enable Optical Metrologists to design and evaluate optical setups for specific measurement tasks.

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Camera Systems Engineer

A Camera Systems Engineer is involved in the design, development, and testing of camera systems for various applications, including smartphones, digital cameras, and surveillance equipment. This course may be useful to build a foundation for understanding the core principles of light and optical design, which are directly applicable to camera systems. Learning about Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection from this course can help camera systems engineers when designing lenses and optical elements. The course's exploration of paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays will help camera systems engineers optimize image quality and performance. Understanding the roles of aperture stops, field stops, and sensor format may assist engineers when designing systems to capture high-quality images.

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Display Technologist

A Display Technologist develops and improves display technologies such as LCD, LED, and OLED screens. This course may be helpful for developing an understanding of the fundamentals of light behavior and optical systems, which are crucial for designing effective displays. The course may assist Display Technologists in understanding Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection, which are critical for controlling light within display panels. Learning about paraxial rays, marginal rays, and chief rays from this course may provide insight into how light propagates through displays. Understanding focal length, field of view, and F-number may help them optimize viewing angles and image clarity. The first-order ray tracing techniques covered in the course may assist in designing and evaluating display performance effectively.

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Lighting Designer

A Lighting Designer creates lighting systems for various environments, including architectural, theatrical, and film settings. This course may be useful for grasping the basic principles of light behavior and optical systems, which can be used to design effective lighting systems. Learning about Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection from this course can assist lighting designers in understanding how light interacts with different materials and surfaces. Understanding optical path length may help them optimize the placement and intensity of light sources. The course may also assist with understanding focal length and field of view, enabling Lighting Designers to create visually appealing and functional lighting designs. The course may give the Lighting Designer a base understanding of the principles that lighting systems operate on.

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Science Communicator

A Science Communicator translates complex scientific information into accessible formats for the general public. While seemingly distant, this course may be helpful for building a foundation for understanding the basics of optics. Those familiar with this field may communicate more effectively about optical phenomena, technologies, and concepts. Grasping Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection may enable Science Communicators to explain the behavior of light in everyday contexts. Understanding the roles of marginal rays and chief rays from this course may help them describe how lenses and optical systems work. Being able to relate theory to practical applications might give science communicators the foundation needed to explain complex topics to the general public.

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Science Teacher

A Science Teacher educates students on scientific topics including physics and optics. This course may be useful for refreshing or building a foundation in understanding the basic principles of light and optical design. A science teacher can reference the course's explanation of Snell’s Law and the laws of reflection for teaching how light behaves at different interfaces. This course may enable teachers to better explain the roles of aperture stops, field stops, and image sensor formats in optical systems. Learning about focal length, field of view, and F-number may equip teachers with the knowledge to connect theoretical concepts to practical applications. By the end of the course, a teacher will be able to explain optical design.

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Reading list

We've selected two books that we think will supplement your learning. Use these to develop background knowledge, enrich your coursework, and gain a deeper understanding of the topics covered in First-Order Optics: Rays, Stops, and Pupil Analysis.

Optics

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Comprehensive resource on optics, covering a wide range of topics from basic principles to advanced concepts. It provides a detailed explanation of ray optics, wave optics, and modern optics. It is commonly used as a textbook in optics courses at universities and valuable reference for professionals in the field. This book will add breadth and depth to the course.

Optics,5/Ed

Paperback

Geometrical and Trigonometric Optics

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Provides a detailed treatment of geometrical and trigonometric optics, focusing on ray tracing and optical system design. It covers topics such as lens design, aberration theory, and optical system analysis. It valuable resource for students and professionals in optical engineering. This book will add depth to the course.

Geometrical and Trigonometric Optics

Paperback

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Geometrical and Trigonometric Optics

Kindle Edition

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First-Order Optics

Rays, Stops, and Pupil Analysis

What's inside

Learning objectives

Syllabus

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Activities

Career center

Reading list

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