Lactation Biology from Coursera

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Syllabus

Course Orientation

The series of videos and readings provided here are aimed at introducing this course in Lactation Biology. Course organization is described. Requirements for participation in the course are summarized. And, opportunities for learners to engage in the course content, as well as with each other, are indicated.

Module 1: Introduction to Lactation Biology

In this module, we will introduce some basic definitions of terms related to the biology of lactation, provide an overview of milk, and briefly introduce the phylogenetic organization and evolution of mammals. Learning the definitions will be important for establishing a baseline vocabulary that will help reduce confusion about topics presented in subsequent videos. Milk, a primary product of the lactation process, will be introduced in an effort to provide a foundation for later modules in which milk and milk composition are explored in greater depth. The series of videos about mammals collectively offer a brief overview of the wide spectrum of these animal species, as well as some thoughts on how lactation came to be an integral part of the reproductive strategy of those species.

Module 2: Mammary Gland Structure

One of the most fundamental requirements for understanding any aspect of biology is to appreciate the relationships that exist between form and function, or anatomy and physiology. In the case of lactation and the mammary gland, it is important to be able to visualize the various levels of mammary gland structure in order to understand how the mammary gland grows and functions. This module presents an overview of mammary gland anatomy and macrostructure using the dairy cow as our primary example. In addition, the tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels of mammary structure are presented. The module provides a conceptual foundation that will allow you to individually explore mammary gland anatomy and microstructure in other mammalian species.

Module 3: Milk Composition

Milk is the product of the lactation process. Such a simple statement does not come close to doing justice to the complex nature of this biological fluid. In this module, we explore the major components of milk, as well as provide a basis for understanding milk as a product that we purchase in a store. Mechanisms of synthesis of milk components are introduced. And, several videos include discussions of the nature of differences in milk composition among mammalian species, including comparisons of cow milk with human milk.

Module 4: Mammary Gland Development

The tissue that we know of as the mammary gland (or udder or breast) may appear as relatively uncomplicated compared with some internal organs such as the heart or brain. The gland is outside the body wall, has a nipple or teat in most species, and has a series of ducts by which milk that is produced in microscopic blind tubes can be expressed from the gland. How can such a gland develop and what regulates that development? It turns out that the initial stage of development occurs extremely early in the fetal development of the animal. It then proceeds through a series of developmental phases, many of which are closely linked with the reproductive functioning of the animal, and eventually leading to the time when the gland is producing milk. Furthermore, the mammary gland is one of a few tissues that undergoes repeated cycles of development, functioning, regression, and redevelopment, again associated with the reproductive cycles of the animal. This module describes the various stages of mammary development and provides the framework for understanding how these stages relate to each other, as well as to the functionality of the gland.

Module 5: Mother & Neonate

The peripartum period, the time shortly before, during, and after giving birth, is a time of rapid changes in the mammary gland, the mother, and the neonate. Extensive physiological coordination occurs between the processes leading up to and giving birth, the formation of colostrum, the initiation of lactation in the mammary gland, and the subsequent removal of milk by the neonate. In this module, we explore how the mammary gland changes around the time of giving birth when the gland transitions from a non-lactating to a lactating state. Part of this transition is the production of colostrum, the first mammary secretion produced by the gland after giving birth. Another part of the transition is the changing regulation of mammary gland function from one being driven primarily by hormones associated with pregnancy and parturition to one where milk removal, by the neonate or milking machine, is the driving force in gland function after birth. In this module, we examine some basic characteristics of the neonate, how lactation is initiated (lactogenesis), and the formation and special components of colostrum (immunoglobulins) and their impact on the neonate.

Module 6: Lactation

In this module, we explore the many facets of lactation as a complex physiological process. We will find that removal of the milk in the gland is critical to continued production of that fluid. The interactions between milk removal, the systemic factors stimulating the gland to produce milk, such as several hormones, and the local factors that inhibit further milk secretion are examined. Some of the effects of milk removal, as well as the absence of milk removal, are discussed in this series of videos. The responses of the mammary gland to milk removal provide a means of understanding the impact of management practices on lactation.

Module 7: Milk Ejection

This module introduces the physiological process known as the milk ejection reflex. The neural and endocrine pathways of this process are discussed, as is a broad overview of the hormone responsible for milk ejection, oxytocin. In addition, the consequences of ineffective milk ejection and ways that have been tried to manipulate the milk ejection process are presented.

Module 8: Atypical Lactation

We typically assume that development of the mammary gland and production of milk are closely regulated by and are coordinated with the reproductive functioning of the animal. Most often that is true. From the knowledge gained from other modules in this course, it is clear that mammary gland development and lactogenesis are heavily regulated by hormones. As it turns out, the presence of mammary gland-regulating hormones is not always directly associated with the reproductive status of the animal. If the hormone activity is present, regardless of its source, it may impact mammary gland development and function. The series of videos in this module presents an overview of what we are calling atypical lactation. That is when the mammary gland undergoes development and lactation in the absence of the usual physiological cues that we associate with the process, such as an animal giving birth.

Module 9: Mastitis

The mammary gland is an excretory gland, meaning that it produces a fluid that is secreted to the outside of the body. These secretions leave the gland through a series of ducts that eventually open to the outside of the skin. The presence of these openings not only means that the mammary secretion can leave the gland, it also means that microorganisms can enter the gland. When that happens, the gland may become infected and present as a disease known as mastitis. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, the inflammation most commonly being caused by an infection by a pathogen. Mastitis is the most costly disease in dairy cattle, but is also prevalent in other species, including our own. We will examine many of the aspects of how this disease is manifested using the dairy cow as our primary example in this module. We will examine mastitis at the level of an individual cow, as well as at the whole herd level. And then to fully integrate and apply the knowledge gained about this disease, we will examine several real-life cases of herd-level mastitis problems faced by dairy producers.

Module 10: Comparative Lactation

In this module, we provide a series of videos that expands what has already been learned in other modules about the basic principles of lactation biology to a range of mammalian species. These videos focus on these animals in their native state, as well as some that have been domesticated for use as dairy animals and domestic livestock. This module is optional.

Good to know

Know what's good

, what to watch for

, and possible dealbreakers

Examines milk as a product purchased in a store and explores its composition

Provides an overview of mammary gland structure and breast tissue

Describes milk composition and its complexities

Develops understanding of mammary gland growth and function

Teaches about the mother and neonate relationship and their physiological changes during lactation

This course requires students to have prior knowledge of lactation biology

Reviews summary

Informative lactation biology

Learners say this lactation biology course is informative and has a great deal of content to help teach you about breastfeeding. The materials are user-friendly and easy to follow. The professor is a great teacher and really knows the material.

Activities

Be better prepared before your course. Deepen your understanding during and after it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered in Lactation Biology with these activities:

Review Mammary Gland Development

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Familiarize yourself with the key concepts surrounding mammary gland development prior to taking this course

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Review the structure and function of the mammary gland.
Identify the different stages of mammary development.
Understand the hormonal regulation of mammary development.

Watch video tutorials and online lectures on lactation biology

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This activity will allow you to learn from experts in the field and gain a deeper understanding of the key concepts of lactation biology.

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Search for video tutorials and online lectures on Coursera, YouTube, or other platforms.
Take notes while watching the videos to reinforce your learning.
Pause the videos and do some research on unfamiliar concepts.
Discuss the content of the videos with your peers or a mentor.

Calculate Milk Composition

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Practice calculating the composition of milk using the provided formulas to reinforce your understanding of the key components of milk.

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Review the different components of milk and their functions.
Apply formulas to calculate the percentage of each component in a milk sample.
Interpret the results of milk composition analysis.

Nine other activities

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Complete practice exercises and quizzes on lactation biology concepts

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This activity will help you test your understanding of the fundamental concepts and theories of lactation biology.

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Find practice exercises and quizzes online or in textbooks.
Attempt the exercises and quizzes to identify areas where you need improvement.
Review the correct answers and explanations to reinforce your learning.
Repeat the practice exercises until you have a good grasp of the concepts.

Learn about Milk Ejection

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Explore the neural and endocrine pathways involved in milk ejection to gain a deeper understanding of how milk is released from the mammary gland.

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Identify the hormones involved in milk ejection.
Describe the neural pathways that trigger milk ejection.
Discuss the factors that can affect milk ejection.

Engage in discussion forums and online study groups

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This activity will provide you with opportunities to interact with other learners, share your perspectives, and gain new insights on lactation biology.

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Join discussion forums or online study groups dedicated to lactation biology.
Participate in discussions by asking questions, sharing your thoughts, and responding to others.
Collaborate with peers on projects or assignments related to lactation biology.

Attend a Dairy Industry Conference

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Engage with professionals in the dairy industry to gain insights into the latest research and best practices related to lactation biology.

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Identify upcoming dairy industry conferences.
Register for the conference.
Attend the conference sessions and workshops.
Network with other attendees.

Write a summary or review of a scientific paper on lactation biology

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This activity will allow you to critically analyze and synthesize research findings in the field of lactation biology, enhancing your understanding and ability to apply knowledge.

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Choose a scientific paper on lactation biology that interests you.
Read the paper thoroughly and take notes on the main points.
Write a summary or review of the paper, including its key findings, strengths, and limitations.
Share your summary or review with your peers or instructor for feedback.

Create a Poster on Mastitis

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Develop a poster that summarizes the causes, symptoms, and treatment of mastitis to reinforce your understanding of this common dairy cow disease.

Browse courses on Mastitis

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Research the different types of mastitis.
Identify the risk factors for mastitis.
Describe the clinical signs of mastitis.
Discuss the treatment options for mastitis.
Design and create a poster that presents your findings.

Participate in online competitions or hackathons related to lactation biology

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This activity will challenge you to apply your knowledge and skills in a competitive setting, fostering innovation and problem-solving abilities.

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Identify online competitions or hackathons that focus on lactation biology.
Team up with other learners or work independently to develop solutions or projects.
Submit your work and compete against other participants.
Reflect on your experience and identify areas for improvement.

Volunteer at a lactation clinic or research laboratory

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This activity will provide you with hands-on experience in the field of lactation biology, allowing you to apply your knowledge and make a meaningful contribution.

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Research lactation clinics or research laboratories in your area.
Contact the organization and inquire about volunteer opportunities.
Attend training sessions and familiarize yourself with the organization's protocols.
Assist with tasks such as data collection, sample preparation, or patient care.
Reflect on your experience and identify how it has enhanced your understanding of lactation biology.

Mentor or tutor other learners in lactation biology

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This activity will help you reinforce your own understanding of lactation biology while also supporting the learning of others.

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Identify opportunities to mentor or tutor other learners, such as through online forums or study groups.
Share your knowledge and expertise with others, answering their questions and providing guidance.
Reflect on your experience and identify areas where you can improve your mentoring skills.

Career center

Learners who complete Lactation Biology will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:

Research Scientist

Research Scientists conduct scientific research to advance knowledge and develop new technologies. They may work in a variety of fields, including medicine, engineering, and environmental science. This course may be useful for Research Scientists who specialize in lactation biology or mammary gland development. The course provides a comprehensive overview of the field, including the latest research findings and techniques. Such knowledge can help Research Scientists design and conduct their own research projects and contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge.

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Lactation Consultant

Lactation Consultants provide education, counseling, and support to breastfeeding mothers. They help mothers overcome challenges, such as latching difficulties, milk production issues, and breastfeeding pain. This course may be useful for Lactation Consultants as it provides a comprehensive overview of lactation biology, mammary gland development, and the factors that influence milk production. Such knowledge can help them provide evidence-based guidance to mothers on proper breastfeeding techniques and address any breastfeeding-related concerns.

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Nursing Professor

Nursing Professors teach nursing courses to undergraduate and graduate students. They develop lesson plans, conduct lectures, and assess student learning. This course may be useful for Nursing Professors who teach courses that cover lactation biology or mammary gland development. The course provides a comprehensive overview of the field, including the latest research findings and teaching strategies. Such knowledge can help Nursing Professors effectively prepare nursing students to provide evidence-based care to patients with mammary-related health issues.

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Animal Nutritionist

Animal Nutritionists develop and implement nutritional programs for animals, including livestock, pets, and zoo animals. They consider factors such as age, species, and physiological state to determine the optimal diet for each animal. This course may be useful for Animal Nutritionists specializing in livestock nutrition, particularly dairy cattle, as it provides a comprehensive understanding of milk composition, mammary gland development, and the nutritional requirements of lactating animals. Such knowledge is essential for formulating nutritionally balanced diets that support optimal milk production and animal health.

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Dairy Technologist

Dairy Technologists apply scientific principles to the processing and manufacturing of dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt. They develop new products, improve production processes, and ensure the safety and quality of dairy products. This course may be useful for Dairy Technologists as it provides a comprehensive overview of milk composition, mammary gland development, and the factors that influence milk quality. Such knowledge can help them optimize processing and manufacturing techniques to maintain the nutritional value and sensory properties of dairy products.

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Livestock Production Manager

A Livestock Production Manager oversees the day-to-day operations of a livestock farm or ranch. They are responsible for ensuring the health and productivity of the animals, as well as the efficiency and profitability of the operation. This course may be useful for Livestock Production Managers, particularly those specializing in dairy production, as it provides a solid understanding of lactation biology, mammary gland development, and milk composition. This knowledge can help them make informed decisions regarding herd management, nutrition, and milking practices, ultimately improving animal welfare and farm profitability.

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Food Scientist

Food Scientists develop, evaluate, and improve food products. They apply scientific principles to ensure the safety, quality, and nutritional value of food. This course may be useful for Food Scientists who specialize in dairy products, as it provides a comprehensive overview of milk composition, mammary gland development, and the factors that influence milk quality. Such knowledge can help them develop innovative dairy products that meet consumer demands and nutritional requirements.

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Veterinarian

Veterinarians diagnose and treat diseases, injuries, and disorders in animals. They may also perform surgeries, prescribe medications, and provide preventative care. This course may be useful for Veterinarians who specialize in treating livestock, particularly dairy cattle, as it provides a comprehensive understanding of lactation biology, mammary gland development, and mastitis. Such knowledge is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment of mammary-related health issues in animals.

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Dairy Scientist

A Dairy Scientist uses knowledge of animal science, nutrition, physiology, and biology to improve milk production and maximize profits within a dairy system. This course may be useful as it offers a comprehensive overview of lactation biology, providing a solid foundation in the physiological processes associated with milk production. Understanding these principles can help Dairy Scientists optimize animal management practices, improve milk yield, and contribute to the overall efficiency and sustainability of dairy operations.

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Dairy Inspector

Dairy Inspectors ensure the safety and quality of dairy products by inspecting dairy farms, processing plants, and distribution facilities. They also enforce regulations related to milk production, processing, and handling. This course may be useful for Dairy Inspectors as it provides a comprehensive overview of milk composition, mammary gland development, and the factors that influence milk quality. Such knowledge can help them effectively assess the safety and quality of dairy products and ensure compliance with regulatory standards.

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Agricultural Extension Agent

An Agricultural Extension Agent provides education and technical assistance to farmers and ranchers on a variety of agricultural topics. They may also conduct research and develop programs to address specific needs within the agricultural industry. This course may be useful for Agricultural Extension Agents who work with dairy producers, as it offers a comprehensive overview of lactation biology, milk composition, and mammary gland development. Such knowledge can help them provide evidence-based guidance to farmers on best practices for herd management, milking procedures, and milk quality control.

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Pharmacologist

Pharmacologists study the effects of drugs on living organisms. They develop new drugs, evaluate their safety and efficacy, and monitor their use in patients. This course may be useful for Pharmacologists who specialize in developing drugs for the treatment of mammary-related diseases, such as mastitis. The course provides a comprehensive overview of mammary gland structure, milk composition, and the physiological processes involved in lactation. Such knowledge can help Pharmacologists better understand the targets and mechanisms of action of potential drug therapies.

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Science Teacher

Science Teachers teach science subjects, such as biology, chemistry, and physics, to students at various levels. They develop lesson plans, conduct experiments, and assess student learning. This course may be useful for Science Teachers who teach biology or health science courses that cover lactation biology or mammary gland development. The course provides a comprehensive overview of the field, including the latest research findings and teaching strategies. Such knowledge can help Science Teachers effectively convey complex scientific concepts to students and foster their interest in science.

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Toxicologist

Toxicologists study the effects of toxic substances on living organisms. They develop and implement safety measures to protect humans and the environment from harmful chemicals. This course may be useful for Toxicologists who specialize in assessing the safety of chemicals used in the dairy industry, such as antibiotics, disinfectants, and food additives. The course provides a comprehensive overview of mammary gland structure, milk composition, and the physiological processes involved in lactation. Such knowledge can help Toxicologists better understand the potential risks associated with these chemicals and develop appropriate safety guidelines.

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Biomedical Engineer

Biomedical Engineers apply engineering principles to solve problems in biology and medicine. They design and develop medical devices, implants, and other technologies to improve patient care. This course may be useful for Biomedical Engineers who specialize in developing technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of mammary-related diseases, such as mastitis. The course provides a comprehensive overview of mammary gland structure, milk composition, and the physiological processes involved in lactation. Such knowledge can help Biomedical Engineers design more effective and targeted technologies for addressing mammary health issues.

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