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Richard Waterman

How can you put data to work for you? Specifically, how can numbers in a spreadsheet tell us about present and past business activities, and how can we use them to forecast the future? The answer is in building quantitative models, and this course is designed to help you understand the fundamentals of this critical, foundational, business skill. Through a series of short lectures, demonstrations, and assignments, you’ll learn the key ideas and process of quantitative modeling so that you can begin to create your own models for your own business or enterprise. By the end of this course, you will have seen a variety of practical commonly used quantitative models as well as the building blocks that will allow you to start structuring your own models. These building blocks will be put to use in the other courses in this Specialization.

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What's inside

Syllabus

Module 1: Introduction to Models
In this module, you will learn how to define a model, and how models are commonly used. You’ll examine the central steps in the modeling process, the four key mathematical functions used in models, and the essential vocabulary used to describe models. By the end of this module, you’ll be able to identify the four most common types of models, and how and when they should be used. You’ll also be able to define and correctly use the key terms of modeling, giving you not only a foundation for further study, but also the ability to ask questions and participate in conversations about quantitative models.
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Module 2: Linear Models and Optimization
This module introduces linear models, the building block for almost all modeling. Through close examination of the common uses together with examples of linear models, you’ll learn how to apply linear models, including cost functions and production functions to your business. The module also includes a presentation of growth and decay processes in discrete time, growth and decay in continuous time, together with their associated present and future value calculations. Classical optimization techniques are discussed. By the end of this module, you’ll be able to identify and understand the key structure of linear models, and suggest when and how to use them to improve outcomes for your business. You’ll also be able to perform present value calculations that are foundational to valuation metrics. In addition, you will understand how you can leverage models for your business, through the use of optimization to really fine tune and optimize your business functions.
Module 3: Probabilistic Models
This module explains probabilistic models, which are ways of capturing risk in process. You’ll need to use probabilistic models when you don’t know all of your inputs. You’ll examine how probabilistic models incorporate uncertainty, and how that uncertainty continues through to the outputs of the model. You’ll also discover how propagating uncertainty allows you to determine a range of values for forecasting. You’ll learn the most-widely used models for risk, including regression models, tree-based models, Monte Carlo simulations, and Markov chains, as well as the building blocks of these probabilistic models, such as random variables, probability distributions, Bernoulli random variables, binomial random variables, the empirical rule, and perhaps the most important of all of the statistical distributions, the normal distribution, characterized by mean and standard deviation. By the end of this module, you’ll be able to define a probabilistic model, identify and understand the most commonly used probabilistic models, know the components of those models, and determine the most useful probabilistic models for capturing and exploring risk in your own business.
Module 4: Regression Models
This module explores regression models, which allow you to start with data and discover an underlying process. Regression models are the key tools in predictive analytics, and are also used when you have to incorporate uncertainty explicitly in the underlying data. You’ll learn more about what regression models are, what they can and cannot do, and the questions regression models can answer. You’ll examine correlation and linear association, methodology to fit the best line to the data, interpretation of regression coefficients, multiple regression, and logistic regression. You’ll also see how logistic regression will allow you to estimate probabilities of success. By the end of this module, you’ll be able to identify regression models and their key components, understand when they are used, and be able to interpret them so that you can discuss your model and convince others that your model makes sense, with the ultimate goal of implementation.

Good to know

Know what's good
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, and possible dealbreakers
Provides a practical and accessible introduction to quantitative modeling for business
Taught by recognized instructor Richard Waterman
In-depth exploration of various modeling techniques, including linear, probabilistic, and regression models
Course is part of a larger specialization, providing a comprehensive learning path in quantitative modeling
Emphasizes practical application of models for decision-making and business optimization
May require some prior knowledge of basic mathematics, especially statistics

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Reviews summary

Modeling fundamentals

learners say this course provides a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling. The lectures are well-structured, easy to understand, and contain useful examples. It begins with the basics and gradually introduces more advanced concepts, such as regression analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Along the way, learners gain an understanding of the theory behind the techniques and how to apply them to real-world problems. The course also includes plenty of practice exercises to help learners test their understanding. Students who have taken this course report that it has helped them improve their quantitative modeling skills and better understand how to use data to make informed decisions.
Provides a sense of community among participants, with discussion forums and collaborative assignments.
"The course fostered a sense of community among the participants."
"Discussion forums and collaborative assignments encouraged interaction and knowledge sharing with fellow learners."
"The instructors and teaching assistants were actively involved in the discussions, providing guidance and clarifications whenever needed."
Covers a wide range of modeling techniques, including regression, time series, and simulation.
"The course covered a wide range of quantitative modeling techniques, including regression analysis, time series analysis, optimization models, and simulation."
"Each topic was explained with clarity, and the relevant mathematical foundations were thoroughly explained, ensuring a strong conceptual understanding."
Instructors do an excellent job of breaking down complex concepts into easy-to-understand modules.
"The instructors did an excellent job of breaking down complex concepts into easily understandable modules, making it accessible to learners with various levels of prior knowledge."
Instructors are knowledgeable and passionate about the subject matter.
"The instructors were highly knowledgeable and demonstrated expertise in quantitative modeling."
"Their passion for the subject matter was evident in their teaching approach, which made the learning process engaging and enjoyable."
Integrates hands-on exercises and real-world case studies.
"The instructors integrated hands-on exercises and real-world case studies, allowing us to apply the concepts learned in a practical setting."
"This approach not only reinforced the theoretical knowledge but also provided valuable experience in solving real-world problems using quantitative modeling techniques."
Assumes some basic mathematical and statistical knowledge.
"The course was labeled as "Fundamentals," and while it assumed some basic mathematical and statistical knowledge, it was designed to be accessible to learners with different backgrounds."
The subject matter can be challenging, particularly for beginners.
"However, it is worth noting that the subject matter itself can be challenging, particularly for beginners."

Activities

Be better prepared before your course. Deepen your understanding during and after it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered in Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling with these activities:
Practice Linear Algebra for Models
Practicing Linear Algebra will reinforce the concepts of linear models and quantitative models covered in Module 2 of this course.
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Show steps
  • Identify a linear algebra concept from the course, such as matrix operations or vector spaces.
  • Solve practice problems or exercises related to that concept.
  • Repeat for different linear algebra concepts.
Follow tutorials on using Python for data analysis
Gain hands-on experience using Python for data analysis tasks, enhancing practical skills
Browse courses on Python
Show steps
  • Find tutorials on using Python for data analysis (e.g., online courses, documentation)
  • Follow the tutorials step-by-step
  • Practice using the concepts learned in the tutorials
Review 'Quantitative Methods for Business'
Solidify understanding of central concepts: mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, hypothesis testing, and regression analysis
Show steps
  • Complete the end-of-chapter exercises
  • Read chapters 2, 3, and 4
  • Create a summary of the key concepts
Nine other activities
Expand to see all activities and additional details
Show all 12 activities
Solve practice problems on linear regression
Strengthen problem-solving skills and improve understanding of linear regression concepts
Browse courses on Linear Regression
Show steps
  • Find practice problems on linear regression (e.g., online resources, textbooks)
  • Solve the problems step-by-step
  • Check your answers and identify areas for improvement
Join a study group to discuss quantitative modeling concepts
Foster collaboration and enhance understanding through peer discussions and problem-solving
Browse courses on Quantitative Modeling
Show steps
  • Find or form a study group with other students taking the course
  • Meet regularly to discuss course concepts, share resources, and work on assignments together
Build a Budget Model for a Real-world Company
Building a budget model will provide hands-on experience in applying the concepts of linear models and optimization taught in Module 2.
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Show steps
  • Choose a real-world company of interest.
  • Gather financial data on the company, such as revenue, expenses, and assets.
  • Create a spreadsheet model to represent the company's budget.
  • Use optimization techniques to find ways to improve the budget.
  • Present your findings to your classmates or a mentor.
Create a presentation on the types of quantitative models
Gain a deeper understanding of the different types of quantitative models and their applications
Browse courses on Quantitative Modeling
Show steps
  • Research the different types of quantitative models
  • Identify the key characteristics and uses of each type of model
  • Develop a presentation that clearly explains the different types of models
Create a spreadsheet model for a small business
Develop practical skills in building spreadsheet models and leveraging data for business decisions
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Show steps
  • Choose a small business to model (e.g., a local coffee shop, a startup)
  • Identify the key financial and operational metrics to track
  • Design a spreadsheet model that captures these metrics
  • Gather data and input it into the model
  • Analyze the results and make recommendations to improve business performance
Compile a resource list on quantitative modeling tools and techniques
Expand knowledge and explore additional resources related to quantitative modeling
Browse courses on Quantitative Modeling
Show steps
  • Search for resources on quantitative modeling tools and techniques (e.g., software, online tools, books)
  • Organize the resources into a list or database
  • Share the resource list with other students or colleagues
Develop a Decision Tree to Model Risk in a Business Scenario
Creating a decision tree will provide practical experience in understanding and applying probabilistic models, specifically decision trees, as covered in Module 3.
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Show steps
  • Identify a business scenario where risk is involved.
  • Define the decision variables and possible outcomes.
  • Construct a decision tree to represent the scenario.
  • Use the decision tree to analyze the risk involved.
  • Share your decision tree and analysis with others for feedback.
Write a white paper on the importance of quantitative modeling in business
Demonstrate advanced knowledge of quantitative modeling and its significance in business decision-making
Browse courses on Quantitative Modeling
Show steps
  • Research the role of quantitative modeling in business
  • Identify case studies where quantitative modeling led to improved outcomes
  • Write a white paper that outlines the benefits and challenges of quantitative modeling
Create a Regression Model to Predict Sales
Creating a regression model will allow learners to apply the concepts and techniques of regression models covered in Module 4 to a real-world business problem.
Browse courses on Regression Analysis
Show steps
  • Identify a business problem where sales prediction is important.
  • Gather data relevant to the problem, including historical sales data and other factors that may influence sales.
  • Develop a regression model to predict sales.
  • Validate and refine the model using additional data.
  • Use the model to make predictions and provide recommendations for improving sales.

Career center

Learners who complete Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:
Financial Analyst
Financial Analysts interpret data and trends to advise companies on business decisions. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help build a foundation for a career as a Financial Analyst by providing a deep understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as linear models, probabilistic models, and regression models, which are essential for analyzing financial data and making sound investment decisions.
Data Analyst
Data Analysts collect, clean, and analyze data to provide insights to businesses. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help develop the skills needed to succeed as a Data Analyst by providing a comprehensive overview of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as data visualization, statistical modeling, and machine learning, which are essential for extracting meaningful insights from data.
Market Researcher
Market Researchers conduct research to understand consumer behavior and trends. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help build a foundation for a career as a Market Researcher by providing a deep understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as survey design, data analysis, and forecasting, which are essential for conducting market research and making informed decisions.
Operations Research Analyst
Operations Research Analysts use mathematical and analytical techniques to solve business problems. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help develop the skills needed to succeed as an Operations Research Analyst by providing a comprehensive overview of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as linear programming, optimization, and simulation, which are essential for solving complex business problems.
Business Analyst
Business Analysts analyze business processes and systems to identify areas for improvement. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help build a foundation for a career as a Business Analyst by providing a deep understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as process mapping, data analysis, and forecasting, which are essential for analyzing business processes and making recommendations for improvement.
Quantitative Trader
Quantitative Traders use mathematical and statistical models to trade financial instruments. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help develop the skills needed to succeed as a Quantitative Trader by providing a comprehensive overview of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as time series analysis, risk management, and portfolio optimization, which are essential for developing and implementing trading strategies.
Risk Analyst
Risk Analysts assess and manage financial and operational risks for businesses. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help build a foundation for a career as a Risk Analyst by providing a deep understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as risk assessment, risk modeling, and risk management, which are essential for identifying, measuring, and mitigating risks.
Statistician
Statisticians collect, analyze, and interpret data to provide insights to businesses and organizations. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help develop the skills needed to succeed as a Statistician by providing a comprehensive overview of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as data visualization, statistical modeling, and machine learning, which are essential for conducting statistical analysis and making informed decisions.
Actuary
Actuaries use mathematical and statistical techniques to assess and manage risk for insurance companies and other financial institutions. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help build a foundation for a career as an Actuary by providing a deep understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as risk assessment, risk modeling, and risk management, which are essential for developing and implementing insurance products.
Economist
Economists study the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania can help build a foundation for a career as an Economist by providing a deep understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as econometrics, macroeconomic modeling, and forecasting, which are essential for analyzing economic data and making informed policy decisions.
Operations Manager
Operations Managers oversee the day-to-day operations of a business. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania may be useful for an Operations Manager by providing a basic understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as process mapping, data analysis, and forecasting, which can be helpful for improving operational efficiency and decision-making.
Marketing Manager
Marketing Managers plan and execute marketing campaigns to promote products and services. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania may be useful for a Marketing Manager by providing a basic understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as data analysis, forecasting, and optimization, which can be helpful for understanding customer behavior and developing effective marketing campaigns.
Sales Manager
Sales Managers oversee the sales team and develop sales strategies. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania may be useful for a Sales Manager by providing a basic understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as forecasting, optimization, and risk analysis, which can be helpful for developing sales targets and managing sales performance.
Project Manager
Project Managers plan and execute projects to achieve specific goals. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania may be useful for a Project Manager by providing a basic understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as project planning, scheduling, and risk management, which can be helpful for managing project budgets and timelines.
Consultant
Consultants provide advice and expertise to businesses and organizations. The Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling course from the University of Pennsylvania may be useful for a Consultant by providing a basic understanding of quantitative modeling techniques. The course covers topics such as data analysis, forecasting, and optimization, which can be helpful for providing clients with data-driven insights and recommendations.

Featured in The Course Notes

This course is mentioned in our blog, The Course Notes. Read one article that features Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling:

Reading list

We've selected 19 books that we think will supplement your learning. Use these to develop background knowledge, enrich your coursework, and gain a deeper understanding of the topics covered in Fundamentals of Quantitative Modeling.
This is the bible of Bayesian Analysis. It provides a comprehensive overview of Bayesian statistics and great reference for anyone who wants to learn more about this topic.
Comprehensive overview of reinforcement learning. It provides a detailed look at the field and great resource for anyone who wants to learn more about reinforcement learning.
Comprehensive overview of deep learning. It provides a detailed look at the field and great resource for anyone who wants to learn more about deep learning.
Great introduction to microeconomic theory. It provides a clear and concise overview of the field and great resource for anyone who wants to learn more about microeconomic theory.
Provides in-depth coverage of extracting useful insights from data which key component of building and using quantitative models.
Great introduction to Bayesian statistics for those who are comfortable with R and Stan. It provides a hands-on approach to learning Bayesian statistics and great complement to this course.
Great introduction to causal inference. It provides a clear and concise overview of the field and great resource for anyone who wants to learn more about causal inference.
Provides a solid foundation in probability and statistics, which are essential for understanding the foundations of quantitative modeling. It would be a valuable resource for students who want to learn more about the mathematical foundations of quantitative modeling.
Great introduction to machine learning for those who are interested in learning how to build and deploy machine learning models. It provides a hands-on approach to learning machine learning and great resource for anyone who wants to learn more about the field.
Is recommended for the student who wants to get a deeper understanding of regression modeling. For the practicing quantitative modeler, it's a valuable reference book on regression.
Provides a comprehensive overview of how data-driven decisions can drive business success. It would be a valuable resource for students who want to learn more about the use of quantitative models in business.
Provides a fascinating look at the use of predictive analytics to solve business problems. It would be a valuable resource for students who want to learn more about the use of quantitative models for prediction.
Provides a comprehensive overview of the mathematics behind machine learning. It would be a valuable resource for students who want to learn more about the mathematical foundations of machine learning.
Provides a comprehensive overview of econometrics, with a focus on applications in economics and finance. It would be a valuable resource for students who want to learn more about the use of quantitative models in economics and finance.
Provides a comprehensive overview of the big data revolution. It would be a valuable resource for students who want to learn more about the challenges and opportunities of big data.
Provides a practical guide to data science, from the perspective of two experienced data scientists. It would be a valuable resource for students who want to learn more about the challenges and rewards of working in the field of data science.
Provides a comprehensive overview of Bayesian statistics, with a focus on applications in R and Stan. It would be a valuable resource for students who want to learn more about the Bayesian approach to data analysis.

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