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Arvind Narayanan

To really understand what is special about Bitcoin, we need to understand how it works at a technical level. We’ll address the important questions about Bitcoin, such as:

How does Bitcoin work? What makes Bitcoin different? How secure are your Bitcoins? How anonymous are Bitcoin users? What determines the price of Bitcoins? Can cryptocurrencies be regulated? What might the future hold?

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To really understand what is special about Bitcoin, we need to understand how it works at a technical level. We’ll address the important questions about Bitcoin, such as:

How does Bitcoin work? What makes Bitcoin different? How secure are your Bitcoins? How anonymous are Bitcoin users? What determines the price of Bitcoins? Can cryptocurrencies be regulated? What might the future hold?

After this course, you’ll know everything you need to be able to separate fact from fiction when reading claims about Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. You’ll have the conceptual foundations you need to engineer secure software that interacts with the Bitcoin network. And you’ll be able to integrate ideas from Bitcoin in your own projects.

Course Lecturers:

Arvind Narayanan, Princeton University

All the features of this course are available for free. It does not offer a certificate upon completion.

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What's inside

Syllabus

Introduction to Crypto and Cryptocurrencies
Learn about cryptographic building blocks ("primitives") and reason about their security. Work through how these primitives can be used to construct simple cryptocurrencies.
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How Bitcoin Achieves Decentralization
Learn Bitcoin's consensus mechanism and reason about its security. Appreciate how security comes from a combination of technical methods and clever incentive engineering.
Mechanics of Bitcoin
Learn how the individual components of the Bitcoin protocol make the whole system tick: transactions, script, blocks, and the peer-to-peer network.
How to Store and Use Bitcoins
This week we'll explore how using Bitcoins works in practice: different ways of storing Bitcoin keys, security measures, and various types of services that allow you to trade and transact with bitcoins.
Bitcoin Mining
We already know that Bitcoin relies crucially on mining. But who are the miners? How did they get into this? How do they operate? What's the business model like for miners? What impact do they have on the environment?
Bitcoin and Anonymity
Is Bitcoin anonymous? What does that statement even mean—can we define it rigorously? We'll learn about the various ways to improve Bitcoin's anonymity and privacy and learn about Bitcoin's role in Silk Road and other hidden marketplaces.
Community, Politics, and Regulation
We'll look at all the ways that the world of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technology touches the world of people. We'll discuss the community, politics within Bitcoin and the way that Bitcoin interacts with politics, and law enforcement and regulation issues.
Alternative Mining Puzzles
Not everyone is happy about how Bitcoin mining works: its energy consumption and the fact that it requires specialized hardware are major sticking points. This week we'll look at how mining can be re-designed in alternative cryptocurrencies.
Bitcoin as a Platform
One of the most exciting things about Bitcoin technology is its potential to support applications other than currency. We'll study several of these and study the properties of Bitcoin that makes this possible.
Altcoins and the Cryptocurrency Ecosystem
Hundreds of altcoins, or alternative cryptocurrencies, have been started, either to fix Bitcoin's perceived flaws or to pursue different goals and properties. We'll look at everything that goes into an altcoin and how they interact with Bitcoin.
The Future of Bitcoin?
The use of Bitcoin technology for decentralizing property, markets, and so on has been hailed as a recipe for economic and political disruption. We'll look at the technological underpinnings of these proposals and the potential impact on society.

Good to know

Know what's good
, what to watch for
, and possible dealbreakers
Explores the use of Bitcoin technology for decentralizing property, markets, and more, which could have a transformative impact on economics and politics
Provides a deep understanding of Bitcoin's technical foundation, from cryptographic primitives to consensus mechanisms and the peer-to-peer network
Taught by Arvind Narayanan, a recognized expert in computer security and cryptography at Princeton University
Covers alternative mining puzzles and their potential impact on Bitcoin's energy consumption and hardware requirements
Suitable for those interested in cryptocurrency technology, blockchain development, and the future of digital finance
The course does not offer a certificate upon completion

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Reviews summary

Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies

Students say this course is largely positive, offering an engaging introduction to Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies. The course covers technical details of Bitcoin's inner workings, including challenging programming assignments. While the course is dated, it provides a solid foundation for those interested in understanding blockchain and cryptocurrency technologies. Note that there is no certificate offered for completing the course. Learners should note, however, that this course's assignments assume programming knowledge, particularly in Java.
This course offers optional programming assignments that some learners found challenging but valuable for understanding Bitcoin's inner workings.
"The programming assignments are sometimes challenging...but also the assignments are not crystal clear"
"I personally did not know Java but...I could make the transition with reasonable effort"
"I find that the assignments are really key to get a good understanding of how bitcoin works."
The course offers valuable insights into the fundamentals of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies.
"Excellent background and context for those new to this space (like me)."
"Excellent overview of technologies and motivation for how these technologies are being used."
"Great course to get introduced into Bitcoin and Blockchain technologies at technical level."
Some learners found the course's programming assignments difficult due to a lack of prior programming knowledge.
"I only did the first module but I got to the assignment for module 1 and it had nothing to do with what we learned."
"You'll spend the vast majority of time trying to get the thing to run instead of focusing on the...cryptographic solution."
"The assignments to pass this course are NOT EVEN TAUGHT in the respective course material!!"
Many learners expressed disappointment that the course does not offer a certificate upon completion.
"This course have no certificate. It should have certificate."
"No instruction to get set up for programming assignments."
"They haven't update d this in a long time and the 2nd test is still broken, you cant pass to get a certificate."
The course is somewhat dated, but it still provides a solid foundation for understanding Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies.
"The course does share some important concepts...Unfortunately it is too advanced for the a person without medium to advanced technology skills."
"Although far more technical than I anticipated, the course material was good and presented well."
"it is very dated material, given it is seven (7) years old!!"

Activities

Be better prepared before your course. Deepen your understanding during and after it. Supplement your coursework and achieve mastery of the topics covered in Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies with these activities:
Review Linear Algebra for Bitcoin
Reviewing linear algebra will provide a solid mathematical foundation for understanding Bitcoin's cryptography and consensus mechanisms.
Browse courses on Linear Algebra
Show steps
  • Review concepts like matrices, vectors, and linear transformations.
  • Practice solving linear equations and systems.
Create a Bitcoin Glossary
Creating a glossary of Bitcoin-related terms will help you build a strong foundation and improve your understanding of the course materials.
Show steps
  • Collect a list of Bitcoin-related terms from the course.
  • Define each term clearly and concisely.
Practice Cryptography Basics
Solving practice problems in cryptography can strengthen your foundational skills, preparing you for the more complex concepts in Bitcoin's architecture.
Browse courses on Cryptographic Primitives
Show steps
  • Review symmetric and asymmetric cryptography.
  • Practice using public-key cryptography.
  • Work through examples of hashing functions.
Five other activities
Expand to see all activities and additional details
Show all eight activities
Review Blockchain Technology
Refreshing your knowledge of blockchain technology will provide a strong foundation for understanding Bitcoin's decentralized nature.
Browse courses on Blockchain
Show steps
  • Review the concepts of blockchain, consensus mechanisms, and cryptography.
  • Read articles or watch videos on recent developments in blockchain technology.
Follow Bitcoin Protocol Tutorials
Engaging with step-by-step tutorials will provide hands-on experience in understanding Bitcoin's technical components.
Browse courses on Bitcoin Protocol
Show steps
  • Find a tutorial on Bitcoin transactions.
  • Follow the steps to create a simple Bitcoin transaction.
  • Explore tutorials on Bitcoin script.
Join a Bitcoin Study Group
Joining a Bitcoin study group will provide opportunities for discussion, collaboration, and reinforcement of concepts.
Show steps
  • Find a Bitcoin study group or start your own.
  • Attend regular meetings and participate in discussions.
  • Present your understanding of Bitcoin concepts to the group.
Create a Visual Representation of Bitcoin Mining
Creating a visual representation of Bitcoin mining will deepen your understanding of the process and its implications on the network.
Show steps
  • Research different aspects of Bitcoin mining.
  • Choose a visual format, such as a flowchart or infographic.
  • Develop a clear and concise representation of the mining process.
Develop a Bitcoin Investment Strategy
Creating a Bitcoin investment strategy will challenge you to apply your knowledge of Bitcoin's mechanics and market dynamics.
Browse courses on Cryptocurrency Investing
Show steps
  • Research Bitcoin's price history and market trends.
  • Develop a risk tolerance and investment horizon.
  • Create a diversified Bitcoin investment portfolio.

Career center

Learners who complete Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies will develop knowledge and skills that may be useful to these careers:
Blockchain Developer
Blockchain Developers are responsible for designing, developing, and maintaining blockchain-based applications. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Blockchain Developer who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Cryptocurrency Analyst
Cryptocurrency Analysts are responsible for analyzing the cryptocurrency market and providing insights to investors. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Cryptocurrency Analyst who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Software Engineer
Software Engineers who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Software Engineer who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Data Scientist
Data Scientists are in high demand these days, particularly those who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Data Scientist who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Consultant
Consultants who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Consultant who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Quantitative Analyst
Quantitative Analysts who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Quantitative Analyst who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Investment Banker
Investment Bankers who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for an Investment Banker who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Risk Manager
Risk Managers who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Risk Manager who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Auditor
Auditors who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for an Auditor who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Compliance Officer
Compliance Officers who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Compliance Officer who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Regulatory Compliance Analyst
Regulatory Compliance Analysts who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Regulatory Compliance Analyst who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Sales and Trading Analyst
Sales and Trading Analysts who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Sales and Trading Analyst who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Business Analyst
Business Analysts who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Business Analyst who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Financial Analyst
Financial Analysts who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Financial Analyst who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.
Product Manager
Product Managers who have a good understanding of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are also in high demand. This course provides a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, which would be extremely valuable for anyone looking to enter this field. The course covers topics such as cryptography, blockchain consensus mechanisms, and the mechanics of Bitcoin. This knowledge would be essential for a Product Manager who wants to work on projects related to cryptocurrency and blockchain.

Featured in The Course Notes

This course is mentioned in our blog, The Course Notes. Read one article that features Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies:

Reading list

We've selected nine books that we think will supplement your learning. Use these to develop background knowledge, enrich your coursework, and gain a deeper understanding of the topics covered in Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies.
Offers a thorough and up-to-date overview of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, written by leading researchers in the field.
This comprehensive guide provides a deep dive into the technical underpinnings and programming aspects of Bitcoin, making it an excellent resource for developers and those seeking a thorough understanding of the Bitcoin protocol.
Serves as a comprehensive reference guide to Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies, providing in-depth technical explanations and analysis.
Offers a comprehensive overview of Bitcoin's economic and monetary principles, providing valuable insights into the potential impact of Bitcoin on the global financial system.
Provides a broad perspective on the potential applications of blockchain technology, discussing its impact on various industries and sectors.
Examines the use of blockchain technology in business and enterprise settings, providing case studies and insights into its adoption and implementation.
This introduction to cryptocurrencies provides a clear and accessible overview of the fundamental concepts and technologies underlying cryptocurrencies.
Focuses on the investment aspect of cryptocurrencies, providing guidance for investors and traders seeking to navigate the cryptocurrency market.
Provides a historical account of the early days of Bitcoin, offering insights into the key players and events that shaped its development.

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